Perfect Electronics Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. What do you know about transformers and the types of losses associated with them?
Ans. 
Transformers are electrical devices that transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
• Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltage levels in electrical circuits.

• There are two main types of losses associated with transformers: copper losses and iron losses.

• Copper losses occur due to the resistance of the copper windings in the transformer and are proportional to the ...read more
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Q2. What are the details regarding power loss, core losses, hysteresis loss, and eddy current loss?
Ans. 
Power loss in electrical systems can be categorized into core losses, hysteresis loss, and eddy current loss.
• Core losses occur in the magnetic core of transformers and include hysteresis and eddy current losses.

• Hysteresis loss is caused by the reversal of magnetization in the core material, leading to energy dissipation in the form of heat.

• Eddy current loss is caused by circulating currents induced in the core material...read more
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Q3. What are the types of strategies for reducing losses in the current transformation process?
Ans. 
Strategies for reducing losses in the transformation process include implementing lean manufacturing principles, improving maintenance practices, and investing in employee training.
• Implementing lean manufacturing principles to eliminate waste and improve efficiency

• Improving maintenance practices to prevent breakdowns and reduce downtime

• Investing in employee training to enhance skills and knowledge

• Utilizing technology t
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Q4. What are the applications of high frequency in transformers, and how does it affect power generation and transformation?
Ans. 
High frequency in transformers is used in applications such as power distribution, induction heating, and medical equipment.
• High frequency transformers are used in power distribution systems to step up or step down voltage levels efficiently.

• They are also used in induction heating applications for processes like welding, melting, and heat treatment.

• In medical equipment, high frequency transformers are used in devices l...read more
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Q1. Can you describe your previous companies and the job roles you held there, as well as the related skills you learned from those experiences?
Ans. 
I have worked in two companies in the past, where I held roles as a Furness Engineer and Shift Incharge. I gained skills in maintenance, supervision, and problem-solving.
• Worked as a Furness Engineer at Company A, responsible for maintaining and troubleshooting furnaces

• Promoted to Shift Incharge at Company B, overseeing production shifts and managing a team of technicians

• Learned skills in maintenance, supervision, probl...read more
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Q2. What do you know about transducers, switching circuits, RTD, and SCADA PLC automation based on your previous job experiences?
Ans. 
I have extensive knowledge and experience with transducers, switching circuits, RTD, and SCADA PLC automation from my previous job roles.
• Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another, such as a pressure transducer converting pressure into an electrical signal.

• Switching circuits are used to control the flow of current in electronic devices, such as relays or MOSFETs.

• RTD stands for Resistance Tempe...read more
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Q3. Details about ISO certification required for a company. EHS, OH&S, QMS - details about it, CAPA, RCA, FMEA, why why analysis, PDCA details about it?
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Q1. What is your family background, including their occupations? Are you open to working rotational shifts as well as night shifts?
Ans. 
My family background is diverse, with members in various occupations. I am open to working rotational and night shifts.
• My family background is diverse, with members in occupations such as teachers, engineers, and business owners.

• I am open to working rotational shifts as it allows for a variety in work schedule and night shifts if required for the job.

• I understand the importance of flexibility in work hours and am willi
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Q2. What do you know about this company and the background of the job? What are your expectations regarding salary and benefits?
Ans. 
The company is a leading engineering firm with a focus on providing high-quality services. The job involves overseeing engineering operations and managing shifts.
• Company is known for its expertise in engineering services

• Job involves supervising engineering operations and shift management

• Expectations for salary and benefits should be competitive with industry standards
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Q1. What is the notice period required for your previous job, when would you be able to join us, and do you require any cab or pick-and-drop service?
Ans. 
Notice period is 30 days, can join after that, no cab or pick-and-drop service required.
• Notice period for previous job is 30 days

• Can join after completing notice period

• No requirement for cab or pick-and-drop service
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Q1. Please explain your day to day activities
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Q2. Tell me about a challenging situation
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Virtual round for fundamental coding.

Physical round for coding assignment given on a paper.

Q1. How does twisted cable work? How to see CAN voltage levels on Oscilloscope?
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Q2. Swap the bits in a byte.
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Q3. Why you want to join the company?
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Q4. How soon you can join the company?
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Q1. For the first round t is only only.
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Q2. UVM-Phases,config db,resource db,asked me to write code for my projects mentioned in resume
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Q3. AMBA protocols(mentioned in resume) pslave error,decode error,signals,arbitration,interleaving.
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Q4. UVM architecture,verification flow
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Q5. First round mostly focussed on my communication skills and projects mentioned in my resume.For my friend they showed a PPT of questions just followed them.
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Q1. It is a face to face interview,Only focussed on technical questions.They have a common ppt with technical questions .They will show those questions ask you to write answers on a paper.
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Q2. 1.waveform shown asked to find the expression-XOR gate. 2.parity checker and parity generator truthtable and verilog code. 3.modports,clocking blocks and interface sv code. for (addr=something,data=somethi...read more
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Q3. Verilog FIFO code Assertion waveform shown sv code for it APB protocol waveforms Protocols signals if you mention them protocol address calculations coverage code types of array and their syntax
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Q4. For technical round they focus on coding only,don't forget to see all sv topics coding structure.
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Q1. Merge intervals ( Leetcode)
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Q2. Buy and sell stocks II (Leetcode)
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Q3. Runtime polymorphism and how it works vptr and vtable
Ans. 
Runtime polymorphism in C++ is achieved through virtual functions, vptr (virtual pointer), and vtable (virtual table).
• Runtime polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass.

• Virtual functions are declared in a base class and overridden in derived classes to achieve polymorphism.

• vptr is a pointer that points to the vtable of an object, allowing dynamic binding of virtual ...read more
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Q4. Which version of c++ you use
Ans. 
I primarily use C++17, but I am familiar with earlier versions as well.
• I am comfortable working with features introduced in C++17 such as structured bindings and constexpr if

• I have experience with earlier versions like C++11 and C++14

• I stay updated with the latest features and improvements in C++ standards
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Q5. Design patterns
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Q6. Have you used any windows api's?
Ans. 
Yes, I have used Windows API's extensively in my previous projects.
• I have used Windows API's for tasks such as creating windows, handling messages, and interacting with system resources.

• Examples include using functions like CreateWindow, SendMessage, and ReadFile.

• I have also worked with specific Windows API's like Winsock for networking and WinINet for internet-related tasks.
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Q1. One debugging question was given which will test knowledge on copy constructor, copy assignment, their return type move constructor, move assignment shallow copy, deep copy runtime polymorphism pointer ini...read more
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Q2. What is dynamic_cast where it can fail and what will happen in that case
Ans. 
dynamic_cast is a C++ operator used for safe downcasting of pointers and references in polymorphic classes.
• dynamic_cast is used to safely downcast a pointer or reference from a base class to a derived class.

• It can fail if the object being casted is not of the target type, in which case it returns a null pointer for pointers or throws a std::bad_cast exception for references.

• Dynamic_cast can only be used with pointers o...read more
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Q1. Same debugging question while making it advance how will you handle in case there is data member of pointer to int array in deep copy how will you ensure that it does delete previous data in case new opera...read more
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Q2. What is union in c++
Ans. 
Union in C++ is a data structure that allows storing different data types in the same memory location.
• Unions are similar to structures but all members share the same memory location.

• Only one member of a union can be accessed at a time.

• Unions are useful when you need to store different data types in the same memory space.

• Example: union MyUnion { int i; float f; };

• Example: MyUnion u; u.i = 10; // Accessing integer member
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Q3. What is weak pointer
Ans. 
Weak pointer is a type of smart pointer in C++ that does not control the lifetime of the object it points to.
• Weak pointers are used to break circular references in shared pointers.

• They do not increase the reference count of the object.

• They are used in scenarios where the object may be deleted while there are still weak pointers pointing to it.
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Q4. What are processes and threads memory is allocated to what process or threads? what is mutex and semaphore how many threads/process can you launch at a time what is meaning of core in 4-core system what is...read more
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Processes and threads are units of execution in a computer system. Memory is allocated to processes. Mutex and semaphore are synchronization mechanisms. Core refers to a processing unit in a multi-core system. Context switching is the process of switching between different processes or threads.
• Processes are independent units of execution with their own memory space and resources.

• Threads are lightweight units of executi...read more
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Q5. What is this pointer tell me situation where only this pointer can be used nothing else will work
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There was one coding question along with approximately 30 multiple-choice questions focused on algorithms, Python, and machine learning.

Q1. First they asked me to explain the same question which was asked in round1. I explained it nicely.
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Q2. Then they gave me a leetcode question of spiral matrix. I haven't heard of the question before so was not able to understand it properly although coded whatever I was able to understand. It was a weak comm...read more
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Q1. What is a synchronous machine?
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Q2. What is a synchronous motor?
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Q3. What is a synchronous speed
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60 mins test which comprises of 2 sections, Technical and aptitude. Both sections have a time limit of 30 mins. The technical questions were easy to medium and i could finish it in time but i needed more time for finishing the aptitude, a total 40 questions.

Q1. Tell me about yourself
Ans. 
I am a recent graduate with a degree in Computer Science and a passion for coding and problem-solving.
• Recent graduate with a degree in Computer Science

• Passionate about coding and problem-solving

• Experience with programming languages like Java, Python, and C++

• Completed internships at tech companies such as Google and Microsoft
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Q2. Find the voltage through the resistor
Ans. 
To find the voltage through a resistor, use Ohm's Law: V = I * R
• Use Ohm's Law: V = I * R, where V is the voltage, I is the current flowing through the resistor, and R is the resistance of the resistor

• If the current flowing through the resistor is 2A and the resistance is 5 ohms, the voltage would be V = 2 * 5 = 10V

• Make sure to use the correct units for current (Amps) and resistance (Ohms) to get the voltage in Volts
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Q3. The interviewer just kept on adding an extra resistor in parallel and in series to the resistor and asked me to find the voltage
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Q4. He then asked a question on transient analysis ie 2 capacitors connected in series with a switch which closes at t>0 with the voltage across the 2 capacitors being 3 v and asked to find the total voltge
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Q5. Explain the working of a capacitor and resistor and relation between resistance and length , area
Ans. 
Capacitors store electrical energy while resistors limit the flow of current. Resistance is directly proportional to length and inversely proportional to area.
• Capacitors store electrical energy by creating an electric field between two conductive plates separated by an insulating material

• Resistors limit the flow of current in a circuit by dissipating energy in the form of heat

• The resistance of a resistor is directly pr...read more
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We have 25 questions and negative marking is there

Q1. What are storage classes in c language?
Ans. 
Storage classes in C language define the scope and lifetime of variables.
• There are four storage classes in C: auto, register, static, and extern.

• Auto variables are local to the block they are declared in and have automatic storage duration.

• Register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access.

• Static variables retain their value between function calls.

• Extern variables are declared outside of any function and ...read more
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Q2. How many address lines are present in 1kb memory?
Ans. 
There are 10 address lines present in 1kb memory.
• 1kb memory = 1024 bytes

• To address 1024 bytes, 10 address lines are needed (2^10 = 1024)
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Q1. Program on array , reverse the array
Ans. 
Reverse an array of strings
• Create a new array to store the reversed strings

• Iterate through the original array in reverse order and add each element to the new array

• Return the new array as the reversed array
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Q2. Logic gates, what is the output of this .they will ask by showing picture
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