20+ Pratham Education Foundation Interview Questions and Answers

Questions related to TCP/IP layers, subnet mask, VLAN, ARP, port number, IP and MAC addresses.

• Transport layer is needed for reliable communication and error correction.

• Subnet mask is used to identify the network and host portions of an IP address.

• VLAN is needed for network segmentation and security.

• Switches and routers send packets or frames based on destination IP address.

• Types of ARP include ARP request and ARP reply.

• Port number is used to identify the application or servic...read more

A ticket can be managed by following a systematic approach.

• Acknowledge the ticket and assign it to the appropriate team member

• Set a priority level based on the severity of the issue

• Communicate with the customer and provide regular updates

• Resolve the issue and close the ticket

• Document the entire process for future reference

The IP phone boot up process involves several steps to initialize the device and connect to the network.

• The phone powers on and performs a self-test

• It obtains an IP address from the DHCP server

• It downloads the firmware and configuration files from the TFTP server

• It registers with the call manager or PBX

• It is ready to make and receive calls

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven layers.

• The seven layers of the OSI model are: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

• Each layer has a specific function and interacts with the layers above and below it.

• The Physical layer deals with the physical transmission of data, such as cables and network interfaces.

• The Data Link layer provide...read more

SIP call flow is the process of establishing, maintaining, and terminating a session initiated by Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).

• SIP INVITE message is sent from the caller to the callee

• Callee responds with a SIP 100 Trying message

• Callee sends a SIP 180 Ringing message to indicate the phone is ringing

• Callee sends a SIP 200 OK message to indicate the call is accepted

• Media negotiation takes place between the caller and callee

• Call termination is initiated by either party with ...read more

TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used for connecting network devices and transmitting data over the internet.

• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

• It is a suite of communication protocols used for connecting network devices

• TCP is responsible for ensuring reliable transmission of data

• IP is responsible for routing data packets between network devices

• Examples of TCP/IP applications include web browsing, email, and file sharing

DND stands for 'Do Not Disturb' in networking.

• DND is a feature that can be enabled on a device or network to prevent incoming calls or messages.

• It is commonly used in VoIP systems to prevent incoming calls during important meetings or presentations.

• DND can also be used to block incoming traffic on a network, such as during maintenance or security updates.

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a network protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.

• DHCP is used to simplify network administration by automatically assigning IP addresses to devices.

• It eliminates the need for manual IP address configuration.

• DHCP servers can also assign other network configuration information such as subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses.

• DHCP leases are temporary and must be renewed periodically.

• DH...read more

L3 switch is a switch with routing capabilities while a router is a dedicated device for routing.

• L3 switch operates at layer 2 and layer 3 of the OSI model while a router operates only at layer 3.

• L3 switch can perform routing functions like a router but also has the ability to switch frames between ports like a switch.

• Routers are typically used to connect different networks while L3 switches are used to segment a network into smaller subnets.

• Examples of L3 switches include Ci...read more

WAN stands for Wide Area Network and covers a large geographical area, while LAN stands for Local Area Network and covers a small area like a home, office, or building.

• WAN covers a larger geographical area, such as cities, countries, or even continents, while LAN covers a smaller area like a single building or campus.

• WAN typically uses public infrastructure like leased lines, while LAN uses private infrastructure like Ethernet cables.

• Examples of WAN technologies include MPLS,...read more

SSL handshake happens before TCP handshake.

• SSL handshake establishes a secure connection between client and server.

• TCP handshake establishes a connection between client and server.

• SSL handshake occurs after TCP handshake to secure the connection.

• SSL handshake involves exchanging certificates and negotiating encryption algorithms.

• TCP handshake involves SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK packets to establish a connection.

The OSI model has 7 layers that define how data is transmitted over a network.

• Layer 1 (Physical): Deals with the physical connection between devices and transmission of raw data.

• Layer 2 (Data Link): Provides error-free transfer of data frames between nodes on the same network.

• Layer 3 (Network): Handles the routing of data packets between different networks.

• Layer 4 (Transport): Ensures reliable data transfer between end systems and provides flow control.

• Layer 5 (Session): Esta...read more

A client can get an IP address through DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) or by manually configuring it.

• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) assigns IP addresses automatically to clients on a network

• Clients can also manually configure their IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS server

• IP addresses can be obtained through IPv4 or IPv6 protocols

Native VLAN is used for untagged traffic, default VLAN is used when no VLAN is specified, DHCP process involves client requesting IP address from server.

• Native VLAN is used for untagged traffic on a trunk port

• Default VLAN is used when no VLAN is specified, typically VLAN 1

• DHCP process involves client sending a DHCP discover message, server offering an IP address, client requesting the offered IP address, and server acknowledging the request

When we type www.google.com, the browser sends a request to the DNS server to resolve the domain name into an IP address.

• The browser sends a DNS query to the DNS server.

• The DNS server looks up the IP address associated with the domain name.

• The DNS server responds with the IP address.

• The browser establishes a TCP connection with the IP address.

• The browser sends an HTTP request to the IP address.

• The server at the IP address responds with the Google homepage.

• The browser renders ...read more

Two computers communicate by sending and receiving data packets over a network using protocols such as TCP/IP.

• Computers communicate through a network by establishing a connection.

• Data is divided into packets and sent over the network.

• Protocols like TCP/IP ensure reliable delivery of packets.

• Each computer has a unique IP address to identify it on the network.

• Examples of communication methods include email, web browsing, and file sharing.

ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on a local network.

• ARP is used to find the MAC address of a device based on its IP address.

• It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet on the local network asking for the MAC address associated with a specific IP address.

• The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing communication to occur.

• ARP cache is used to store the mappings of IP addresses to MA...read more

TCP 3 way handshake is a process of establishing a connection between two devices over a network.

• The client sends a SYN packet to the server

• The server responds with a SYN-ACK packet

• The client sends an ACK packet to the server to confirm the connection

• This process is used to ensure reliable communication between devices

DHCP messages are used for assigning IP addresses to devices on a network.

• DHCPDISCOVER message is sent by a client to discover available DHCP servers

• DHCPOFFER message is sent by a server to offer an IP address to a client

• DHCPREQUEST message is sent by a client to request an offered IP address

• DHCPACK message is sent by a server to acknowledge the IP address assignment to a client

• DHCPNAK message is sent by a server to indicate that the requested IP address is not available

• DHCPR...read more

Packet flow between same network involves communication between devices within the same IP subnet.

• Devices communicate directly without needing to go through a router.

• Packet headers contain source and destination IP addresses for proper routing.

• Switches forward packets based on MAC addresses within the same network.

• Firewalls may inspect and filter packets within the same network.

• Examples: File sharing between devices on the same LAN, printing to a network printer within the sa...read more

Packet flow between different networks involves routing, switching, and encapsulation.

• Packet travels from source device to destination device through routers and switches

• Routers determine the best path for the packet based on routing tables

• Switches forward the packet within the same network based on MAC addresses

• Encapsulation involves adding headers and trailers to the packet at each network layer

• Example: Packet from a computer in one network to a server in another network

VLAN stands for Virtual Local Area Network, a network of devices that behave as if they are connected to the same physical network, even though they may be located on different segments.

• VLANs are used to segment network traffic and improve network performance and security.

• They allow for logical grouping of devices based on factors such as department, function, or security requirements.

• VLANs can span multiple switches and routers, enabling flexibility in network design.

• Example...read more

Data flows through networks in packets, following a specific path determined by routing protocols and switches.

• Data is broken down into packets before being transmitted over a network.

• Each packet contains information such as source and destination addresses.

• Routing protocols determine the best path for packets to reach their destination.

• Switches forward packets based on MAC addresses.

• Data flows through different network devices like routers, switches, and firewalls.

DNS queries are requests sent by a client to a DNS server to resolve a domain name to an IP address.

• DNS queries are sent over UDP or TCP port 53.

• The query can be recursive or iterative.

• Recursive query asks the DNS server to provide the final answer, while iterative query asks the server to provide the best answer it can.

• DNS queries can be cached by the client or the server to improve performance.

• DNS queries can also include additional information such as the type of record be...read more

GPON architect is a passive optical network technology that uses fiber-optics to deliver high-speed internet access.

• GPON stands for Gigabit Passive Optical Network.

• It uses a point-to-multipoint architecture to provide fiber to the home or business.

• GPON technology allows for high-speed internet access, VoIP, IPTV, and other services over a single fiber connection.

• It uses a combination of OLT (Optical Line Terminal) at the service provider's end and ONT (Optical Network Termina...read more

OSI layers are a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers.

• Physical layer - transmits raw data bits over a physical medium

• Data link layer - provides error detection and correction

• Network layer - routes data packets to their destination

• Transport layer - ensures reliable data transfer

• Session layer - establishes, maintains, and terminates connections

• Presentation layer - translates data into a for...read more