40+ Interview Questions and Answers

Answering questions related to ideal characteristics of opamp, CMRR, input impedance, impedance matching, MPTT, and significance of opamp in D-A and A-D convertors.

• Ideal characteristics of opamp include high gain, high input impedance, low output impedance, and low noise.

• CMRR stands for Common Mode Rejection Ratio and it measures the ability of an opamp to reject common mode signals.

• The practical significance of CMRR is that it helps in reducing noise and interference in the ...read more

Explanation of full wave bridge rectifier, transformer losses, filter usage, and Zener diode as regulator.

• Full wave bridge rectifier converts AC to DC using four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration

• Transformer losses occur due to core saturation and resistance in the windings

• Filters are used to smooth out the DC output and reduce ripple

• Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown region and maintains a constant voltage output

• Zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator in...read more

Comparison of 8086 with present processors and why PC processors can't be used in mobiles

• 8086 had a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, while modern processors have 64-bit data bus and 48-bit address bus

• 8086 had a clock speed of 5-10 MHz, while modern processors have clock speeds in GHz

• Mobile processors are designed to be power-efficient and have lower clock speeds compared to PC processors

• Mobile devices use different storage technologies like eMMC, UFS, and NVMe SSDs

• Mobi...read more

Types of voltage regulators include linear regulators, switching regulators, and shunt regulators.

• Linear regulators: provide a stable output voltage by dissipating excess power as heat (e.g. LM317)

• Switching regulators: more efficient than linear regulators by switching the input voltage on and off (e.g. LM2596)

• Shunt regulators: regulate voltage by shunting excess current to ground (e.g. TL431)

Repairing, overhauling, and assembling engines involves following safety precautions and operating machines effectively.

• Follow manufacturer's guidelines for repairing, overhauling, and assembling engines

• Use proper tools and equipment for the job

• Ensure proper ventilation in the work area to prevent exposure to harmful fumes

• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and ear protection

• Regularly inspect and maintain machines to ensure they are operati...read more

A circuit breaker is an electrical switch that automatically interrupts the flow of current when it exceeds a certain limit.

• It is used to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by overloading or short circuits.

• It works by detecting the excess current and tripping the switch to break the circuit.

• Once tripped, it can be reset manually or automatically depending on the type of circuit breaker.

• Common types include thermal, magnetic, and hybrid circuit breakers.

• Examples of...read more

Unit of electrical terms for induction motor include voltage, current, power factor. LVDT transducers measure displacement. VFD stands for Variable Frequency Drive.

• Unit of electrical terms for induction motor: voltage, current, power factor

• LVDT transducers measure displacement

• VFD stands for Variable Frequency Drive

The working principle of the project developed earlier involved utilizing machine learning algorithms to analyze data and make predictions.

• Used supervised learning techniques to train the model

• Implemented feature engineering to improve model performance

• Utilized cross-validation to assess model accuracy

• Applied the trained model to new data for prediction

Toughness is a material's ability to withstand stress without breaking. Curve is used on bending path to prevent cracking. Brittle materials lack toughness. CO is more dangerous than CO2 due to its ability to bind with hemoglobin.

• Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and deform without fracturing.

• Curves are used on bending paths to distribute stress evenly and prevent cracking.

• Brittle materials lack toughness and are prone to fracture under stress.

• CO is more...read more

DC motors and generators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

• DC motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy

• DC generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy

• Both use a commutator and brushes to switch the direction of current flow

• DC motors have a rotor and a stator, while DC generators have a stator and a rotor

• DC motors and generators have various applications in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and power generation

A gas fitter is a person who assembles and installs machinery, engine parts, or other equipment related to gas systems.

• Gas fitters are responsible for installing, maintaining, and repairing gas appliances and systems.

• They must have knowledge of gas regulations and safety standards.

• Gas fitters may work in residential, commercial, or industrial settings.

• Examples of equipment they work on include gas stoves, water heaters, and HVAC systems.

A 33/11kv transformer can be represented by a schematic diagram with two sets of windings and a core.

• The transformer has two sets of windings, one for the primary voltage of 33kv and the other for the secondary voltage of 11kv.

• The windings are wrapped around a core made of laminated steel to reduce energy loss due to eddy currents.

• The transformer may also have cooling fins or a cooling system to dissipate heat generated during operation.

• The transformer may have bushings for c...read more

Yes, I have technical certifications and I am proficient in multiple programming languages.

• I have a certification in SQL from Oracle

• I am proficient in Python, R, and Java

• I have experience with data visualization tools like Tableau and Power BI

Machines are operated by following specific procedures and safety guidelines.

• Read and understand the machine's manual before operating

• Follow all safety guidelines and wear appropriate protective gear

• Regularly inspect and maintain the machine to ensure proper functioning

• Operate the machine according to the manufacturer's instructions

• Attend any mandatory training sessions on machine operation

Symbols of diode, SCR, IGBT, and thyristor are important for understanding and troubleshooting electronic circuits.

• Diode symbol: Arrow pointing towards a line representing the cathode

• SCR symbol: Three layers with a gate, anode, and cathode

• IGBT symbol: Combination of a MOSFET and a bipolar transistor

• Thyristor symbol: Similar to SCR but with an additional gate terminal

The density of steel is around 7.85 g/cm³.

• Density is the measure of mass per unit volume.

• Steel is a metal alloy composed of iron and carbon.

• The density of steel varies depending on its composition and temperature.

• The density of steel is higher than that of most other materials.

• The density of steel is commonly used in engineering and construction applications.

Ferrous metals are those that contain iron. Ductility is the ability of a material to be stretched without breaking.

• Ferrous metals include steel and cast iron.

• Ductility is measured by the amount of deformation a material can undergo before it breaks.

• Ductile materials are often used in construction and engineering, as they can be easily shaped and formed.

• Examples of ductile metals include gold, silver, and copper.

• Ductility is important in metalworking processes such as forging...read more

A bridge rectifier is a type of full-wave rectifier that converts AC to DC by using four diodes in a bridge configuration.

• Bridge rectifier uses four diodes to convert AC to DC.

• It rectifies both halves of the AC input waveform.

• The output voltage is the absolute value of the input voltage.

• Commonly used in power supplies and battery chargers.

Costing is the process of determining the expenses involved in producing a product or providing a service. A cost accountant analyzes and tracks these costs to help management make informed decisions.

• Costing involves calculating the total expenses incurred in the production process, including direct and indirect costs.

• A cost accountant analyzes cost data to determine the cost per unit of a product or service.

• Cost accountants help in budgeting, pricing decisions, and cost cont...read more

A diesel mechanic is a professional who specializes in the maintenance and repair of diesel engines.

• Diesel mechanics diagnose and repair problems with diesel engines.

• They perform routine maintenance on diesel engines to ensure they are running efficiently.

• They use a variety of tools and equipment to repair and replace parts of diesel engines.

• Diesel mechanics may work on a variety of vehicles and equipment, including trucks, buses, boats, and generators.

• They must have a strong...read more

Primary key uniquely identifies a record while secondary key is used for data retrieval and sorting.

• Primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table.

• Secondary key is used for data retrieval and sorting.

• A table can have only one primary key but multiple secondary keys.

• Primary key cannot have null values while secondary key can have null values.

• Primary key is automatically indexed while secondary key needs to be indexed manually.

A center tapped half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier circuit that uses a center tapped transformer to convert AC to pulsating DC.

• The center tapped half wave rectifier consists of a transformer with a center tap on the secondary winding, a diode, and a load resistor.

• During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode conducts and current flows through the load resistor in one direction.

• During the negative half cycle, the diode blocks the current flow, result...read more

This question is asking for the area and customer name along with the details of their application workout.

• Provide the geographical area where the customer is located

• Provide the name of the customer

• Describe the application workout in detail

• Include any relevant information about the customer's needs or preferences

• Provide any additional information that may be relevant to the sales or service process

My BTech project was on developing a smart irrigation system using IoT technology.

• The project aimed to optimize water usage in agriculture by using sensors to detect soil moisture levels and weather conditions.

• The system would then automatically adjust the amount of water delivered to the crops through a network of valves and pumps.

• I used Arduino boards and Raspberry Pi for the hardware, and programmed the system using Python and C++.

• The project was successful in reducing wat...read more

The question asks for circuit diagrams with problems.

• Identify the circuit diagrams provided

• Analyze the diagrams for any potential problems or errors

• Explain the problems and suggest possible solutions

• Provide examples of circuit diagrams with problems

There are two types of diodes: P-N junction diodes and Zener diodes.

• P-N junction diodes are the most common type of diodes used in electronics.

• Zener diodes are used for voltage regulation and have a specific breakdown voltage.

• Other types of diodes include Schottky diodes, varactor diodes, and tunnel diodes.

• Diodes are used in a variety of applications, including rectification, signal modulation, and voltage regulation.

Layers can be selected by using the selection tool in graphic design software.

• Use the selection tool to click on the desired layer

• Hold down the shift key to select multiple layers

• Use the layers panel to easily identify and select specific layers

Transformer principle involves electromagnetic induction to transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits.

• Transformers work based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

• They consist of primary and secondary coils wound around a core.

• Step-up transformers increase voltage while step-down transformers decrease voltage.

• Efficiency of transformers is determined by the ratio of output power to input power.

• Transformers are used in power distribution, electronics, and...read more

IGBT stands for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, a semiconductor device used for switching applications in power electronics.

• IGBT combines the advantages of MOSFETs and bipolar transistors

• It has three terminals: gate, collector, and emitter

• Works by controlling the voltage applied to the gate terminal to switch the device on and off

• Used in applications like motor drives, inverters, and power supplies

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) is a semiconductor device used for controlling large amounts of electrical power.

• SCR is a type of thyristor used in power control applications.

• It consists of four layers of alternating N and P-type material.

• SCR works by controlling the flow of current between the anode and cathode.

• It requires a trigger signal to turn on and start conducting.

• Once triggered, SCR will continue to conduct until the current drops below a certain level.

• SCR is comm...read more

To reduce resistance in a transformer, one can use low resistance materials, increase the cross-sectional area of the winding, and minimize the length of the winding.

• Use low resistance materials for the transformer windings

• Increase the cross-sectional area of the winding to reduce resistance

• Minimize the length of the winding to reduce resistance

• Ensure proper insulation to avoid any short circuits

• Maintain proper cooling to prevent overheating and resistance increase

Diesel engines are internal combustion engines that use compression ignition to ignite the fuel mixture.

• Diesel engines do not have spark plugs, instead they rely on high compression to ignite the fuel

• They are more fuel efficient than gasoline engines

• Commonly used in heavy-duty vehicles like trucks and buses

Creep-age is the gradual deformation or elongation of a material under constant stress over time.

• Creep-age occurs in materials subjected to constant stress at elevated temperatures.

• It is a time-dependent phenomenon where the material deforms slowly over time.

• Creep-age can lead to failure of components in high-temperature applications.

• Examples include metal components in a boiler or turbine experiencing creep-age over time.

The capital of Andhra Pradesh (AP) is Amaravati.

• The capital city of Andhra Pradesh is Amaravati.

• Amaravati is located on the banks of the Krishna River.

• It was chosen as the capital of AP in 2017, replacing Hyderabad.

Faraday's law states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor.

• The induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field.

• The direction of the induced EMF is such that it opposes the change in magnetic field that produced it.

• Faraday's law is the basis for the operation of generators and transformers.

• An example of Faraday's law in action is the use of a coil of wire to generate electricity when a magnet is moved through...read more

The workshop is a space where technicians work on machinery, equipment, or vehicles to repair, maintain, or fabricate parts.

• Workshop is equipped with tools and machinery for various tasks.

• Technicians use hand tools, power tools, and specialized equipment.

• Tasks in the workshop include assembly, disassembly, repair, maintenance, and fabrication of parts.

• Examples of workshops include automotive repair shops, machine shops, and fabrication shops.

Primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a database table.

• Primary key ensures data integrity and helps in faster data retrieval.

• It cannot have null values and must be unique for each record.

• Examples of primary keys are social security numbers, email addresses, etc.

A bridge rectifier is a type of rectifier circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) using four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration.

• Consists of four diodes connected in a bridge configuration

• Converts AC input into DC output

• Provides full-wave rectification

• Commonly used in power supplies and battery chargers

A fitter is a skilled technician who is responsible for assembling, installing, and maintaining machinery and equipment.

• Fitters read and interpret blueprints and technical drawings

• They use a variety of hand and power tools to assemble parts

• Fitters may also be responsible for troubleshooting and repairing machinery

• Examples: automotive fitters, industrial machinery fitters

Memory interfacing to controller involves connecting memory devices to a controller for data storage and retrieval.

• Memory interfacing allows the controller to access and manipulate data stored in memory devices.

• Different types of memory interfaces include parallel, serial, and USB connections.

• Examples of memory interfacing include connecting RAM modules to a motherboard or using an SD card with a microcontroller.

OHM's law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor.

• Current (I) is directly proportional to Voltage (V) and inversely proportional to Resistance (R): I = V/R

• It helps in calculating the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit.

• It was named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm who formulated the law in 1827.

The unit of capacitance is farad (F).

• The unit of capacitance is named after Michael Faraday.

• 1 farad is equal to 1 coulomb per volt.

• Commonly used prefixes for capacitance include microfarad (uF) and picofarad (pF).

Drowning is a form of suffocation that occurs when a person is submerged in water.

• Drowning happens when a person's airway closes due to water entering the lungs

• It can lead to respiratory failure and ultimately death if not rescued in time

• Drowning can occur in any body of water, including pools, lakes, and oceans

A bridge rectifier is a type of full-wave rectifier circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).

• Consists of four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration

• Allows both halves of the AC waveform to be converted to DC

• Produces a smoother output compared to a half-wave rectifier

• Commonly used in power supplies and battery chargers