20+ Interview Questions and Answers

Ways to iterate on collections in software engineering

• For loop

• While loop

• Foreach loop

• Iterator

• Stream API

• Lambda expressions

To make a list immutable in custom objects, use the 'tuple' data type instead of 'list'.

• Replace the 'list' data type with 'tuple' to create an immutable list.

• Tuples are similar to lists but cannot be modified once created.

• Immutable lists provide data integrity and prevent accidental modifications.

Collibra uses centralized, decentralized, and federated operating models.

• Centralized operating model: decision-making authority is held by a central team or individual.

• Decentralized operating model: decision-making authority is distributed across different teams or individuals.

• Federated operating model: a combination of centralized and decentralized models, with some decisions made centrally and others made by distributed teams.

• Example: Collibra may use a centralized operatin...read more

To find the middle element in a linked list, use two pointers - one moving at twice the speed of the other.

• Initialize two pointers - slow and fast - both pointing to the head of the linked list

• Move the slow pointer one step at a time and the fast pointer two steps at a time

• When the fast pointer reaches the end of the linked list, the slow pointer will be pointing to the middle element

Exception handling is crucial in microservices to ensure fault tolerance and reliability.

• Each microservice should have its own exception handling mechanism.

• Exceptions should be logged and monitored for analysis and improvement.

• Use circuit breakers and retries to handle transient errors.

• Consider using a centralized exception management system for better visibility.

• Ensure error messages are clear and informative for easier debugging.

The microservices architecture is the best architecture I have seen so far.

• Scalability: Allows for independent scaling of different components

• Resilience: Failure in one service does not bring down the entire system

• Flexibility: Easier to update and deploy new features

• Decentralization: Each service can be developed and deployed independently

The current project follows a microservices architecture.

• The project is divided into multiple small services that communicate with each other through APIs.

• Each service is responsible for a specific functionality.

• The services are deployed independently and can be scaled as per the requirement.

• The architecture allows for easy maintenance and updates.

• Examples of services include user management, payment gateway, and inventory management.

ForkJoin is a method used in parallel programming to split tasks into smaller subtasks and join is used to wait for the completion of those subtasks.

• ForkJoin is used for parallel processing, while join is used for synchronization.

• ForkJoin allows tasks to be split into smaller tasks that can be executed concurrently, while join waits for all tasks to complete before proceeding.

• In Java, ForkJoin framework provides ForkJoinPool for executing ForkJoinTasks, while join is a method...read more

Spring Boot is a framework that simplifies the development of Java applications.

• Spring Boot provides a pre-configured environment for building and deploying applications.

• It uses an embedded server, such as Tomcat or Jetty, to run the application.

• It also includes a variety of starter dependencies, which can be easily added to the project.

• Spring Boot uses auto-configuration to automatically configure the application based on the dependencies added.

• It also provides a variety of ...read more

Interfaces in software engineering are used to define a contract for classes to implement certain methods or properties.

• Interfaces define a set of methods or properties that a class must implement.

• They allow for polymorphism, where different classes can be treated as instances of the same interface.

• Interfaces help in achieving loose coupling between classes.

• They are commonly used in languages like Java and C#.

• Example: defining an interface 'Shape' with methods like 'calculate...read more

Extension method to check string length

• Create a static class with a static method that takes a string parameter

• Use the string.Length property to get the length of the string

• Return true if the length is greater than 0, false otherwise

Count the number of words in a list of strings

• Iterate through the list of strings

• Split each string by spaces to get individual words

• Increment a counter for each word encountered

A lambda function is a small anonymous function defined without a name.

• Used for short, simple operations

• Can take any number of arguments, but can only have one expression

• Commonly used in functional programming languages like Python

Execution context refers to the environment in which a piece of code is executed, including variables, scope, and this keyword.

• Execution context includes variables, scope chain, and the value of the this keyword.

• There are three types of execution contexts: global, function, and eval.

• Each function call creates a new execution context, which is pushed onto the call stack.

• Lexical environment and variable environment are part of the execution context.

Optimizing SP involves improving performance and efficiency of stored procedures in a database.

• Identify and eliminate unnecessary or redundant code

• Use appropriate indexing to speed up data retrieval

• Avoid using cursors and loops whenever possible

• Consider parameterizing queries to improve execution plan caching

• Regularly monitor and analyze performance metrics to identify bottlenecks

Closure is a function that captures the environment in which it was created, allowing it to access variables from its outer scope even after the outer function has finished executing.

• Closure allows a function to access variables from its outer scope even after the outer function has finished executing.

• It 'closes over' the variables in its lexical scope, preserving their values.

• Closure is commonly used in event handlers, callbacks, and asynchronous code.

• Example: function outer...read more

Check if strings are anagrams by sorting characters and comparing

• Sort characters in each string and compare if they are equal

• Use a hashmap to count characters in each string and compare the counts

• Example: 'listen' and 'silent' are anagrams

Event handler in dotnet is a function that responds to events triggered by user actions or system events.

• Event handlers are used to handle events like button clicks, mouse movements, etc.

• In .NET, event handlers are typically defined using delegates.

• Example: handling a button click event in a Windows Forms application.

JavaScript array method is used to manipulate arrays in JavaScript.

• Some common array methods include push(), pop(), shift(), unshift(), splice(), slice(), concat(), and join().

• Example: let arr = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']; arr.push('grape'); // ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape']

• Example: let arr = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']; arr.pop(); // ['apple', 'banana']

Use a hash set to find duplicates in a string efficiently.

• Create a hash set to store characters as you iterate through the string.

• If a character is already in the hash set, it is a duplicate.

• Return the set of duplicates found.

LRU cache is a data structure that stores the most recently used items and discards the least recently used items.

• LRU stands for Least Recently Used

• It has a fixed size and when it reaches its limit, the least recently used item is removed to make space for a new item

• It uses a doubly linked list and a hash map to achieve O(1) time complexity for both insertion and deletion

• Example: A web browser caching the most recently visited web pages to improve performance