30+ CtrlS Interview Questions and Answers

NLB and ALB are both AWS load balancers, but NLB operates at the transport layer while ALB operates at the application layer.

• NLB is designed for extreme performance and low latency, making it suitable for TCP and UDP traffic.

• ALB provides advanced routing capabilities and supports HTTP, HTTPS, and WebSocket protocols.

• NLB supports static IP addresses, while ALB uses dynamic IP addresses.

• ALB supports content-based routing and can route requests based on URL path or host headers....read more

IAM user is an entity that represents a person or application, while IAM role is an entity that represents a set of permissions.

• IAM user is associated with long-term credentials (access key and secret access key) and is used to directly interact with AWS services.

• IAM role does not have long-term credentials and is assumed by trusted entities, such as AWS services or applications running on EC2 instances.

• IAM user has a fixed set of permissions, while IAM role can have temporar...read more

Security groups and NACLs are both used for network security in AWS, but they operate at different levels of the network stack.

• Security groups are stateful and operate at the instance level, controlling inbound and outbound traffic based on port, protocol, and IP addresses.

• NACLs are stateless and operate at the subnet level, controlling traffic based on subnet IP addresses, port ranges, and protocol numbers.

• Security groups are evaluated before NACLs, and if a security group a...read more

Route 53 is a DNS web service that routes end users to internet applications by translating domain names to IP addresses.

• Routing policies include simple, weighted, latency-based, failover, geolocation, and multivalue answer.

• Simple routing policy sends traffic to a single resource.

• Weighted routing policy distributes traffic based on assigned weights.

• Latency-based routing policy sends traffic to the region with the lowest latency.

• Failover routing policy routes traffic to a stan...read more

The cluster version, number of clusters and nodes, management of master node, and number of master nodes in the project.

• The cluster version refers to the version of the software used to manage the cluster.

• The number of clusters and nodes depends on the project requirements.

• The master node is managed by the DevOps team or the system administrator.

• The number of master nodes can vary depending on the project's high availability requirements.

The Bernoulli equation relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid in a steady flow.

• Bernoulli equation relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow

• Heat rate is the amount of heat transferred per unit time

• Steady flow is when the fluid properties at a point do not change with time

• Laminar flow is smooth and orderly, while turbulent flow is chaotic

• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow

• Reynolds equation relates the flow regime to fluid prope...read more

VPC Endpoint in Amazon S3 allows direct access to S3 from within a VPC without going over the internet.

• VPC Endpoint provides a secure and private connection between VPC and S3.

• It eliminates the need for a NAT gateway or VPN connection.

• It improves security by keeping traffic within the AWS network.

• It reduces data transfer costs and improves performance.

• Examples: accessing S3 buckets from EC2 instances in a VPC, using S3 as a data source for AWS Glue jobs.

git fetch vs git pull and git clone vs git remote

• git fetch downloads the changes from the remote repository but does not merge them with the local branch

• git pull downloads the changes and merges them with the local branch

• git clone creates a copy of the remote repository on the local machine

• git remote is used to manage the remote repositories that a local repository is connected to

Autoscaling methods in Kubernetes include Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA), Cluster Autoscaler, and Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA).

• Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) scales the number of pods based on CPU utilization or custom metrics

• Cluster Autoscaler scales the number of nodes in a cluster based on resource utilization

• Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) adjusts the resource requests and limits of containers based on usage patterns

• HPA can be used with custom metrics like queue length o...read more

Environments in Azure DevOps are logical groups of resources where code is deployed and tested.

• Environments can be created for different stages of the development process, such as development, testing, staging, and production.

• Each environment can have its own set of resources, such as virtual machines, databases, and storage accounts.

• Environments can be configured to automatically deploy code from a pipeline or manually triggered.

• Examples of environments include 'Dev', 'QA', ...read more

Establishing service connection involves configuring the service principal name (SPN) in DevOps.

• Service connection is established by configuring the SPN in DevOps.

• SPN is used to uniquely identify a service instance in a network environment.

• It allows DevOps to authenticate and authorize the service instance.

• SPN is also used to delegate authentication to other services.

• Examples of services that require SPN include SQL Server, Exchange, and SharePoint.

Conflicts in Git occur when two or more people make changes to the same file or code at the same time.

• Conflicts can occur when merging branches or pulling changes from a remote repository.

• Git will notify you of conflicts and you must manually resolve them by editing the affected files.

• Conflicts can be avoided by communicating with team members and establishing a clear workflow.

• Using Git's branching and merging features properly can also help prevent conflicts.

A database is used for storing, managing, and retrieving structured data, while a data warehouse is used for analyzing and reporting on large volumes of data.

• Database is used for transactional processing, while data warehouse is used for analytical processing.

• Databases are typically normalized, while data warehouses are denormalized for faster query performance.

• Data warehouses often contain historical data for trend analysis, while databases focus on current data for day-to-d...read more

Read replica is a copy of the primary database instance in RDS that allows read-only access to the data.

• Read replicas can be used to offload read traffic from the primary database instance.

• They can be created in the same region or in a different region for disaster recovery purposes.

• Read replicas are asynchronous, meaning that changes made to the primary instance may not be immediately reflected in the read replica.

• They can be promoted to become the new primary instance in ca...read more

Deploy webapp into k8s by creating a deployment YAML file and applying it using kubectl command.

• Create a Docker image of the webapp

• Create a deployment YAML file with necessary specifications like image, replicas, ports, etc.

• Apply the deployment YAML file using kubectl apply command

• Expose the deployment using a service YAML file with necessary specifications like type, ports, etc.

• Apply the service YAML file using kubectl apply command

PHP is a server-side scripting language used for web development. The current version is PHP 8.0.

• PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor

• It is an open-source language

• PHP is used for creating dynamic web pages

• PHP 8.0 was released on November 26, 2020

To win deals with limited budgets, focus on value proposition, negotiate pricing, and offer flexible payment options.

• Highlight the unique value proposition of the product/service

• Negotiate pricing to fit within the customer's budget

• Offer flexible payment options such as installment plans or deferred payments

• Provide case studies or testimonials to demonstrate the ROI of the product/service

• Explore potential upsell opportunities in the future

• Consider bundling products/services to...read more

VPC Peering is a networking connection between two VPCs that allows them to communicate using private IP addresses.

• VPC Peering enables inter-VPC communication within the same AWS region.

• It is a secure and low-latency connection.

• Peered VPCs can share resources like EC2 instances, RDS databases, etc.

• Transitive peering is not supported, meaning VPCs cannot be peered through a peered VPC.

• Peering connections can be established between VPCs in different AWS accounts.

Private cloud is preferred when security, compliance, and customization are top priorities.

• Private cloud offers greater control over data and infrastructure

• It is ideal for organizations with strict security and compliance requirements

• Customization options are more flexible in private cloud

• Public cloud is more cost-effective for smaller organizations or those with fluctuating workloads

• Hybrid cloud can offer the best of both worlds, combining the benefits of private and public ...read more

Database connection process in CodeIgniter involves configuring database settings in config file and loading database library.

• Configure database settings in config file

• Load database library

• Establish connection using database configuration

• Use database functions to perform CRUD operations

Pile works involve driving piles into the ground to provide foundation support. Pile cap works are used to distribute loads from the structure to the piles. Steel and PEB structures are types of building frameworks, with PEB being pre-engineered. Structural design involves creating plans for the building's framework and support system.

• Pile works involve driving piles (concrete, steel, timber) into the ground to support the foundation of a structure.

• Pile cap works are construc...read more

The extension of SQL file is .sql

• The extension of SQL file is typically .sql

• SQL files contain SQL code used to query and manipulate databases

• Examples of SQL file extensions: script.sql, data.sql

To improve the sales process, we can implement a CRM system and provide additional training to the sales team.

• Implement a CRM system to track leads, deals, and customer interactions

• Provide sales team with training on effective communication and negotiation skills

• Offer incentives for meeting or exceeding sales targets

• Regularly review and analyze sales data to identify areas for improvement

Testing procedures for piping and duct involve pressure testing, leak testing, and visual inspection.

• Pressure testing involves pressurizing the system with air or water to check for leaks.

• Leak testing can be done using soap solution or electronic leak detectors.

• Visual inspection includes checking for proper installation, support, and connections.

• Testing procedures should follow industry standards and regulations.

• Documentation of test results is important for quality control a...read more

Cloud technology refers to the use of remote servers to store, manage, and process data instead of local servers or personal devices.

• Cloud technology allows for easy access to data from anywhere with an internet connection

• It reduces the need for physical storage devices and on-premise servers

• Examples of cloud technology include Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform

To pitch for sale, I focus on understanding the customer's needs, highlighting the benefits of the product, and creating a sense of urgency.

• Research and understand the customer's needs and pain points

• Highlight the benefits and unique selling points of the product

• Create a sense of urgency by emphasizing limited availability or time-sensitive deals

• Use persuasive language and active listening to build rapport and address objections

• Close the sale by asking for the customer's comm...read more

CTRL S offers data center and cloud services for businesses.

• Data center services including colocation, managed hosting, and disaster recovery

• Cloud services including public, private, and hybrid cloud solutions

• Network services including internet connectivity and MPLS VPN

• Security services including firewall and DDoS protection

• Managed services including server management and monitoring

• Examples of clients include IBM, Dell, and HP

The steel weight refers to the weight of steel used in a construction project.

• Steel weight is calculated based on the design and specifications of the project.

• It is important to accurately estimate the steel weight to ensure structural integrity.

• Reconciliation of raw material involves comparing the actual usage of steel with the planned usage.

• This helps identify any discrepancies or wastage in the steel consumption.

• Steel and cement wastage can be minimized through proper inve...read more

I am drawn to CTRLs because of their innovative solutions and strong reputation in the industry.

• CTRLs has a track record of delivering cutting-edge solutions to clients

• The company has a strong reputation in the industry for quality and reliability

• CTRLs values its employees and fosters a positive work environment

• I am excited about the opportunity to contribute to the company's continued success

Fire pump room is designed to provide water supply at high pressure to the sprinkler system in case of fire emergency.

• Fire pump room houses pumps that are capable of delivering water at high pressure to the sprinkler system

• The pumps are usually powered by electricity or diesel engines

• The room is equipped with controllers and alarms to monitor and control the water flow

• Regular maintenance and testing of the pumps are essential to ensure they function properly during emergencie...read more

Managing critical facility design and cost optimization involves strategic planning and efficient resource allocation.

• Develop a comprehensive understanding of the critical facility requirements and constraints

• Identify and prioritize key design considerations such as redundancy, scalability, and energy efficiency

• Leverage industry best practices and standards to guide the design process

• Optimize costs by evaluating different design options and selecting the most cost-effective s...read more

Insulation material specification includes type, thickness, density, and thermal conductivity.

• Specify the type of insulation material (e.g. fiberglass, foam, mineral wool)

• Provide the thickness of the insulation material in inches or millimeters

• Include the density of the insulation material in pounds per cubic foot or kilograms per cubic meter

• State the thermal conductivity of the insulation material in BTU/(hr*ft*F) or W/(m*K)

An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

• OS types include Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, Android, iOS, etc.

• OS can be categorized as single-user, multi-user, single-tasking, multi-tasking, real-time, etc.

• Examples: Windows 10 (single-user, multi-tasking), Linux (multi-user, multi-tasking)