20+ Ford Motor Interview Questions and Answers

Interview questions for Senior Java Developer

• List is an ordered collection, Set is an unordered collection with no duplicates, Map is a key-value pair collection

• Exception handling is used to handle runtime errors and prevent program crashes

• Throw is used to throw an exception explicitly, Throws is used to declare an exception that a method may throw

• Threads are used to execute multiple tasks simultaneously and improve program performance

• Marker interface is an interface with no ...read more

Marker interface is an interface with no methods, used to mark classes for special treatment.

• Marker interface is an empty interface with no methods

• It is used to mark classes for special treatment

• Examples include Serializable, Cloneable interfaces

Spring Boot simplifies the development of Spring applications by providing out-of-the-box configurations and reducing boilerplate code.

• Spring Boot provides a quick and easy way to set up a Spring application with minimal configuration.

• It includes embedded servers like Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow, eliminating the need for deploying WAR files.

• Auto-configuration feature in Spring Boot automatically configures the application based on dependencies in the classpath.

• Spring Boot Actu...read more

Post mapping is used to create or update data, while get mapping is used to retrieve data. Yes, data can be updated using post mapping.

• Post mapping is used to create or update data in the server, while get mapping is used to retrieve data from the server.

• Post mapping is typically used for operations that modify data, such as creating a new resource or updating an existing one.

• Get mapping is used for operations that do not modify data, such as retrieving information or fetchin...read more

Calculate average salary of employees in each department using Java 8 Stream.

• Use Java 8 Stream to group employees by department

• Calculate average salary for each department using Stream's 'collect' method

• Use 'Collectors.averagingDouble' to calculate average salary

HashMap is unordered, uses hashing for key-value pairs. TreeMap is ordered, uses Red-Black tree for key-value pairs.

• HashMap uses hashing to store key-value pairs, allowing for O(1) retrieval time on average.

• TreeMap uses Red-Black tree to store key-value pairs, maintaining order based on keys.

• HashMap allows one null key and multiple null values, while TreeMap does not allow null keys.

• Example: HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>(); TreeMap<String, Integer> treeMap = ne...read more

To connect two databases in Spring Boot, you can configure multiple data sources and use JPA to interact with them.

• Configure multiple data sources in application.properties or application.yml file

• Define multiple DataSource beans in your configuration class

• Use @Primary annotation to specify the primary data source

• Use @Qualifier annotation to specify which data source to use in a specific repository or service

• Use @Transactional annotation with the appropriate data source to per...read more

Exception handling in SpringBoot involves using @ExceptionHandler, @ControllerAdvice, and global exception handling.

• Use @ExceptionHandler annotation in controller classes to handle specific exceptions.

• Use @ControllerAdvice annotation to define global exception handling for all controllers.

• Implement a custom exception handler class to handle exceptions globally.

• Use ResponseEntity to return custom error messages and status codes.

• Handle exceptions gracefully to provide meaningfu...read more

The @Service annotation is used to annotate classes at the service layer, while @Component is a generic stereotype annotation for any Spring-managed component.

• The @Service annotation is a specialization of the @Component annotation, indicating that a class is a service layer component.

• Using @Service helps in better code organization and readability by clearly defining the purpose of the annotated class.

• Spring automatically detects classes annotated with @Service and registers...read more

The @Controller annotation is used to define a controller class in Spring MVC, while @RestController is used to define a RESTful web service controller.

• The @Controller annotation is used to create a controller class that handles HTTP requests and returns a view, typically used in traditional Spring MVC applications.

• The @RestController annotation is used to create a controller class that handles HTTP requests and returns data directly in JSON or XML format, commonly used in RE...read more

Microservices architecture allows for modular, scalable, and flexible development compared to monolithic architecture.

• Microservices break down applications into smaller, independent services that communicate through APIs.

• Each microservice can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently, leading to faster development cycles and easier maintenance.

• Monolithic architecture involves building an entire application as a single unit, making it harder to scale and update.

• Microser...read more

HashMap is a data structure in Java collections that stores key-value pairs.

• HashMap implements the Map interface and uses hashing to store elements.

• It allows null values and one null key.

• Example: HashMap map = new HashMap<>();

SOLID principles are a set of five design principles in object-oriented programming to make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable.

• S - Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have only one reason to change.

• O - Open/Closed Principle: Classes should be open for extension but closed for modification.

• L - Liskov Substitution Principle: Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without affecting the functionality....read more

Eureka Server is a service registry for microservices in a cloud environment.

• Eureka Server is part of Netflix OSS and allows microservices to register themselves and discover other services.

• It helps in load balancing and failover of services by keeping track of available instances.

• Eureka Server uses a REST API for communication between services and the server.

• Example: Microservices A, B, and C register themselves with Eureka Server and can discover each other using service na...read more

Circuit Breaker is a design pattern used in software development to prevent cascading failures in distributed systems.

• Circuit Breaker monitors the health of a service and stops sending requests if the service is not responding properly.

• It helps in improving the resilience of the system by providing a fallback mechanism when a service is down.

• Circuit Breaker can be configured with thresholds for error rates or response times to trigger opening or closing.

• Examples of Circuit Br...read more

Docker is a platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in containers. Kubernetes is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

• Docker allows developers to package applications and dependencies into containers for easy deployment and scalability.

• Kubernetes helps in automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications across clusters of hosts.

• Docker and Kubernetes work well ...read more

Program using Java 8 features to filter a list of strings starting with 'A' and convert them to uppercase.

• Use Java 8 stream API to filter the strings starting with 'A'.

• Use map() function to convert the filtered strings to uppercase.

• Collect the results into a new list using collect() function.

Spring Boot supports multiple threading through the use of Java's Executor framework.

• Spring Boot provides a TaskExecutor interface for executing tasks asynchronously.

• The @Async annotation can be used to mark a method as asynchronous.

• Spring Boot also supports scheduling tasks using the @Scheduled annotation.

• Thread safety can be ensured through the use of synchronized blocks or locks.

• Examples: implementing a background task to send emails, scheduling a task to update a cache pe...read more

Future is a concurrent programming construct while Completable Future is an extension of Future with more features.

• Future is a simple interface that represents the result of an asynchronous computation.

• Completable Future is an extension of Future that provides more features like chaining, combining, and exception handling.

• Completable Future can be used to create a pipeline of asynchronous tasks.

• Completable Future can also be used to handle exceptions in a more elegant way.

• Com...read more

IOC stands for Inversion of Control in Spring, a design principle where the control of object creation and lifecycle is shifted to a container.

• IOC is a design principle in which the flow of control is inverted compared to traditional programming.

• In Spring, IOC is achieved through dependency injection, where objects are provided their dependencies rather than creating them themselves.

• IOC helps in decoupling components, making the code more modular, testable, and maintainable.

• E...read more

Design patterns in microservices architecture help in solving common problems and improving scalability, maintainability, and flexibility.

• Service Registry pattern - used for service discovery and registration, such as Netflix Eureka

• Circuit Breaker pattern - prevents cascading failures by failing fast and providing fallback mechanisms, like Hystrix

• API Gateway pattern - acts as a single entry point for clients to access multiple services, for example, Zuul

• Saga pattern - manages...read more

Using Java Stream to find duplicate characters in an array of strings

• Use flatMap to convert the array of strings into a stream of characters

• Use Collectors.groupingBy to group the characters by count

• Filter the grouped characters to find duplicates

JPA connection in Spring Boot allows for easy integration of Java Persistence API with the Spring framework.

• Use @Entity annotation to mark a class as an entity for JPA

• Configure data source properties in application.properties file

• Use @Repository annotation to enable JPA repository functionality