100+ Senior Technical Lead Interview Questions and Answers

Containerization is a lightweight, portable, and self-sufficient way to package applications and their dependencies.

• Create a Dockerfile with instructions on how to build the container

• Build the Docker image using the Dockerfile

• Run the Docker image to create a container

• Deploy the container on a server using Docker Engine

Standards used in fire protection system

• NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) standards

• UL (Underwriters Laboratories) standards

• FM (Factory Mutual) standards

• IBC (International Building Code) standards

• NFSA (National Fire Sprinkler Association) standards

Answering technical questions related to ASP.NET and design patterns

• The HTML control that is not programmable in ASP.NET is the control

• SaaS stands for Software as a Service, PaaS stands for Platform as a Service, and IaaS stands for Infrastructure as a Service

• Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems

• Singleton is a design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object

• Multicast delegates are delegates that can have multip...read more

Use synchronization mechanisms to control thread execution order while allowing parallel processing.

• Utilize CountDownLatch in Java to ensure threads complete in order.

• Example: Thread 1 completes, then Thread 2 starts, followed by Thread 3.

• Use semaphores to control access and execution order.

• Example: Semaphore initialized to 0 for Thread 2, allowing it to start only after Thread 1 completes.

• Implement Future and ExecutorService to manage task completion and enforce order.

Hydraulic calculations involve determining fluid flow rates, pressures, and forces in a hydraulic system.

• Hydraulic calculations are performed using mathematical formulas and principles.

• Factors such as fluid viscosity, pipe diameter, pressure drop, and flow rate are considered.

• Formulas like Bernoulli's equation, Darcy-Weisbach equation, and Hazen-Williams equation are commonly used.

• Software tools like hydraulic modeling software can also be used for complex calculations.

• Exampl...read more

Dependency Injection (DI) and Inversion of Control (IoC) are core concepts in Spring for managing object creation and dependencies.

• Dependency Injection allows objects to receive their dependencies from an external source rather than creating them internally.

• Inversion of Control (IoC) is a design principle where the control of object creation and management is transferred to a container.

• Spring IoC container manages the lifecycle of beans and their dependencies, promoting loose...read more

AWS Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service in the cloud.

• Redshift allows for easy scaling of data storage and processing power

• It is optimized for high performance analytics and complex queries

I used dc2.large nodes to spin up the Redshift cluster.

• dc2.large nodes are optimized for compute-intensive workloads.

• These nodes have 2 vCPUs, 15.25 GiB memory, and 160 GB SSD storage.

• They are suitable for small to medium-sized Redshift clusters.

API Testing: Understanding different http requests and error codes

• GET request is used to retrieve data from the server

• POST request is used to submit data to the server

• PUT request is used to update existing data on the server

• PATCH request is used to partially update existing data on the server

• HTTP error codes indicate the status of the request/response

• 200 OK - successful request

• 400 Bad Request - invalid request

• 401 Unauthorized - authentication required

• 404 Not Found - requested...read more

The classes of steel pipes include carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and duplex steel.

• Carbon steel pipes are the most common type and are used in various industries.

• Alloy steel pipes contain additional elements like chromium, nickel, and molybdenum for enhanced properties.

• Stainless steel pipes are corrosion-resistant and widely used in applications requiring hygiene and durability.

• Duplex steel pipes have a combination of austenitic and ferritic stainless steel, offe...read more

Components of an Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) cluster

• Master nodes

• Worker nodes

• Node pools

• Networking components (Virtual Network, Load Balancer)

• Storage components (Azure Disk, Azure Files)

• RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)

• Monitoring and logging components (Azure Monitor, Azure Log Analytics)

CloudWatch is a monitoring and management service provided by AWS to monitor resources and applications in the cloud.

• CloudWatch collects and tracks metrics, logs, and events from various AWS services and resources.

• It provides real-time monitoring, alerting, and dashboards to help users visualize and understand their cloud environment.

• Users can set up alarms to notify them of changes in their environment or resource usage.

• CloudWatch can be used to monitor EC2 instances, S3 buc...read more

Scaling Kubernetes pods involves adjusting the number of replicas based on demand.

• Use Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) to automatically adjust the number of replicas based on CPU or memory usage

• Manually scale pods using kubectl commands like 'kubectl scale deployment --replicas='

• Implement Cluster Autoscaler to automatically adjust the number of nodes in a cluster based on resource usage

Designing a chatbot involves defining objectives, selecting technology, creating conversation flows, and testing for user experience.

• Define the purpose: Determine what the chatbot will do, e.g., customer support, booking appointments.

• Choose the platform: Decide whether to build on platforms like Facebook Messenger, Slack, or a custom website.

• Select technology: Choose between rule-based systems or AI-driven solutions like NLP frameworks (e.g., Rasa, Dialogflow).

• Design conversa...read more

Keywords like 'lock', 'synchronized', and 'wait' can contribute to deadlock in threading by causing resource contention.

• 1. 'lock': Acquiring a lock on a resource can lead to deadlock if multiple threads try to acquire locks in different orders.

• 2. 'synchronized': Using synchronized blocks can cause deadlock if two threads hold locks on two resources and wait for each other.

• 3. 'wait': If a thread calls wait on an object while holding a lock, it can lead to deadlock if another t...read more

The Java Collections Framework provides data structures and algorithms for efficient data management and manipulation.

• Standardized data structures: Offers common interfaces like List, Set, and Map for consistent usage.

• Dynamic sizing: Collections can grow or shrink dynamically, unlike arrays which have fixed sizes.

• Rich API: Provides a wide range of utility methods for sorting, searching, and manipulating data.

• Thread-safe collections: Offers concurrent collections like CopyOnWr...read more

Program to find prime numbers from 1 to n

• Iterate from 2 to n and check if each number is prime

• Use a nested loop to check divisibility by numbers less than the current number

• A prime number is only divisible by 1 and itself

Forms personalization allows users to customize their own forms without modifying the underlying code, while customization involves making changes to the form's code.

• Forms personalization is done by end users without technical knowledge.

• Customization involves modifying the form's code by developers.

• Forms personalization is limited to changing the behavior of existing form elements.

• Customization allows for more extensive changes to the form's functionality.

• Forms personalizatio...read more

HTTP2 is faster, more efficient, and supports multiplexing and server push.

• HTTP2 uses binary instead of text format for better performance.

• HTTP2 supports multiplexing, allowing multiple requests to be sent and received at the same time.

• HTTP2 also supports server push, where the server can send resources to the client before they are requested.

• HTTP2 has header compression, reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent.

• HTTP2 requires SSL/TLS encryption for security.

• HTTP1.1 ...read more

Deep copy creates a new copy of an object with all nested objects also copied, while shallow copy creates a new object with references to the original nested objects.

• Deep copy involves recursively copying all nested objects, while shallow copy only copies the top-level object

• Deep copy ensures that changes to the original object do not affect the copied object, while shallow copy may have shared references

• In JavaScript, deep copy can be achieved using JSON.parse(JSON.stringify...read more

RTOS is more preferable for 32-bit controllers due to its real-time capabilities and task scheduling.

• RTOS provides real-time capabilities for time-sensitive applications

• RTOS offers task scheduling for efficient multitasking

• Bare metal programming may be suitable for simple applications with minimal overhead

Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) is a managed Kubernetes service provided by AWS.

• Fully managed Kubernetes service

• Automatically scales based on workload

• Integrates with other AWS services like EC2, S3, and IAM

The dependency inversion principle is important to implement in a project because it promotes loose coupling, flexibility, and testability.

• Dependency inversion principle helps in decoupling high-level modules from low-level modules.

• It allows for easier maintenance and modification of code.

• By depending on abstractions rather than concrete implementations, it enables flexibility and extensibility.

• It facilitates unit testing by allowing the use of mock objects.

• Example: Instead o...read more

Docker Compose simplifies building Docker images by defining services and dependencies in a YAML file.

• Docker Compose allows defining multiple services and their dependencies in a single YAML file

• Each service can have its own Dockerfile or use an existing image

• Dependencies between services can be defined using the 'depends_on' keyword

• Images can be built using the 'docker-compose build' command

• Example: docker-compose.yml file defining a web service and a database service

Migrating a large on-premise data warehouse to AWS Redshift and optimizing query performance.

• Developed a migration plan to move terabytes of data from on-premise data warehouse to Redshift.

• Implemented data partitioning and distribution keys to optimize query performance.

• Utilized Redshift's query optimization features to improve overall system performance.

MVVM and VIPER are architectural patterns used in iOS development. MVVM focuses on data binding while VIPER emphasizes modularity.

• MVVM separates the view, model, and view model layers. It allows for easy testing and maintenance. Example: RxSwift library.

• VIPER separates the view, interactor, presenter, entity, and router layers. It promotes scalability and flexibility. Example: Uber app.

• MVVM advantages: easy to understand, maintain, and test. It also allows for reusability of ...read more

I have experience with various configuration management tools such as Ansible, Puppet, and Chef.

• Implemented Ansible playbooks to automate server configuration

• Managed Puppet manifests to ensure consistent server configurations

• Utilized Chef cookbooks to deploy applications across multiple environments

Java 11 introduced several new features and enhancements compared to Java 8.

• Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters

• HTTP Client API (standardized in java.net.http package)

• Nest-Based Access Control

• Dynamic Class-File Constants

• Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector

• Flight Recorder

• ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector

The output of the query will depend on the specific data in the tables being joined.

• The result will be a combination of data from all 4 tables based on the join conditions specified in the query.

• Make sure to check for any filtering conditions in the query that may limit the output.

• The final result will include columns from all 4 tables, with rows that meet the join criteria.

Yes, I am okay with CTC not being an issue as long as we are leading in the global market.

• I prioritize being part of a successful and globally competitive company over CTC.

• I believe in the importance of contributing to a company's growth and success.

• I am motivated by the opportunity to work on challenging projects and make a significant impact.

• I value the recognition and reputation that comes with being part of a leading global company.

• I am open to discussing other non-moneta...read more

I have developed web applications, automation scripts, data analysis tools, and machine learning models in Python.

• Developed web applications using Django and Flask frameworks

• Created automation scripts for repetitive tasks

• Built data analysis tools using pandas and numpy libraries

• Implemented machine learning models with scikit-learn and TensorFlow

Build tools commonly used for Java projects include Maven, Gradle, and Ant.

• Maven is a popular build automation tool that manages dependencies and builds projects using XML configuration files.

• Gradle is another build automation tool that uses a Groovy-based DSL for defining build scripts.

• Ant is a Java-based build tool that uses XML files for configuration and is known for its flexibility.

BLE Mesh is a wireless communication protocol that allows multiple devices to communicate with each other in a mesh network.

• BLE Mesh is based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology.

• It allows devices to communicate with each other in a mesh network, where each device can act as a node and relay messages to other nodes.

• This enables large-scale IoT deployments, where devices can communicate with each other over long distances.

• BLE Mesh is designed to be secure and reliable, wit...read more

Primary key uniquely identifies a record in a table, while unique key ensures that all values in a column are distinct.

• Primary key can't have null values, while unique key can have one null value.

• A table can have only one primary key, but multiple unique keys.

• Primary key is automatically indexed, while unique key may or may not be indexed.

For cost management on a cloud, monitor usage, optimize resources, use cost allocation tags, leverage reserved instances, and consider spot instances.

• Monitor usage regularly to identify any inefficiencies or unused resources

• Optimize resources by right-sizing instances and using auto-scaling

• Use cost allocation tags to track spending by project or department

• Leverage reserved instances for predictable workloads to save costs

• Consider using spot instances for non-critical workload...read more

Variables in JAVA are passed by value, meaning a copy of the variable's value is passed to a method.

• In JAVA, primitive data types are passed by value, while objects are passed by reference.

• When a primitive data type is passed to a method, a copy of the value is passed, so changes made to the parameter inside the method do not affect the original variable.

• When an object is passed to a method, the reference to the object is passed by value, meaning changes to the object's state...read more

A sample JAVA program to parse and validate mail-id

• Use regular expressions to validate the email format

• Check for the presence of '@' symbol and domain name

• Utilize try-catch blocks for error handling

• Use Java libraries like javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress for validation

Forms authentication in MVC is implemented by configuring the web.config file and using the Authorize attribute in controllers.

• Configure forms authentication in web.config file

• Use Authorize attribute in controllers to restrict access to authenticated users

• Set authentication cookie upon successful login

Design a batch process to create and send reports

• Create a script to generate the report based on specified criteria

• Schedule the script to run at regular intervals using a batch scheduler like cron

• Configure the script to send the report via email or save it to a shared location

• Include error handling and logging in the batch process

Wi-Fi mesh is a network topology where multiple Wi-Fi access points work together to provide seamless coverage.

• Wi-Fi mesh networks use multiple access points to create a single, seamless network

• Each access point in a mesh network communicates with the others to provide coverage

• Mesh networks are self-healing, meaning if one access point fails, the others can still provide coverage

• Mesh networks can be used to extend Wi-Fi coverage in large homes or outdoor areas

• Popular Wi-Fi me...read more

Data skewness refers to the imbalance in the distribution of data values within a dataset.

• Data skewness occurs when certain values or categories appear more frequently than others in a dataset.

• It can lead to performance issues in data processing and analysis.

• To resolve data skewness, techniques like data partitioning, shuffling, and using appropriate algorithms can be employed.

• For example, in a dataset of customer transactions, if a few customers have significantly more trans...read more

Implemented open-close principle in a project

• Used interfaces to define abstract behavior

• Implemented concrete classes that adhere to the interface

• New functionality added by creating new classes that implement the interface

• Existing code remains untouched and doesn't need modification

• Example: Created an interface 'Shape' with methods like 'calculateArea' and 'draw'. Implemented classes like 'Circle' and 'Rectangle' that implement the 'Shape' interface. Later added a new class 'T...read more

Kubernetes architecture is a container orchestration platform that uses a master-slave architecture to manage containerized applications.

• Kubernetes has a master node that manages the cluster and worker nodes that run the applications.

• The master node has several components such as API server, etcd, scheduler, and controller manager.

• Worker nodes have kubelet, kube-proxy, and container runtime components.

• Kubernetes uses labels and selectors to group and manage containers.

• Kuberne...read more

IICS architecture involves components like agents, connections, and tasks with specific naming conventions for clarity and consistency.

• IICS architecture includes components like agents, connections, and tasks

• Naming conventions help maintain clarity and consistency in the design

• Examples of naming conventions: AgentName_AgentType, ConnectionName_ConnectionType, TaskName_TaskType

RTOS and real-time OS are the same thing, both referring to operating systems designed for real-time applications.

• RTOS is an acronym for Real-Time Operating System.

• Real-time OS is an alternative term for RTOS.

• Both RTOS and real-time OS refer to operating systems designed for real-time applications.

• Examples of RTOS include VxWorks, FreeRTOS, and QNX.

Trigger firing sequence in Oracle Forms 12c involves pre-insert, pre-update, pre-delete, post-insert, post-update, and post-delete triggers.

• Pre-insert trigger fires before a new record is inserted.

• Pre-update trigger fires before an existing record is updated.

• Pre-delete trigger fires before a record is deleted.

• Post-insert trigger fires after a new record is inserted.

• Post-update trigger fires after an existing record is updated.

• Post-delete trigger fires after a record is delete...read more