200+ Member Technical Staff Interview Questions and Answers

Use indexing to access individual characters from a string.

• Use square brackets and the index number to access a specific character in the string.

• Remember that indexing starts at 0 in most programming languages.

• Example: str = 'hello', to get the first character 'h', use str[0].

Segmentation is the process of dividing a larger entity into smaller parts or segments.

• Segmentation is commonly used in image processing to separate objects of interest from the background.

• It is also used in marketing to divide a target market into smaller groups based on demographics, behavior, or other factors.

• In networking, segmentation refers to dividing a network into smaller subnetworks to improve performance and security.

Static variable is a variable that retains its value between function calls.

• Static variables are declared using the 'static' keyword.

• They are initialized only once and retain their value throughout the program execution.

• They have a local scope within the function where they are declared.

• Example: static int count = 0; // retains its value between function calls

SPS stands for Scheduling Policy Subsystem. It is responsible for managing the scheduling of processes in an operating system.

• SPS is a component of the operating system that handles process scheduling.

• It determines the order in which processes are executed on the CPU.

• SPS uses various scheduling algorithms to make decisions.

• Some common scheduling algorithms include First-Come, First-Served (FCFS), Round Robin, and Priority Scheduling.

• The scheduling mechanism of SPS involves ma...read more

Producer consumer problem is a synchronization problem in which a producer produces data and a consumer consumes it.

• It involves two processes, producer and consumer, sharing a common buffer.

• The producer produces data and puts it into the buffer.

• The consumer consumes data from the buffer.

• The problem arises when the producer produces data faster than the consumer can consume it, leading to buffer overflow.

• Solutions include using semaphores, mutexes, and monitors to synchronize ...read more

Compile time polymorphism is achieved through function overloading and operator overloading, while runtime polymorphism is achieved through function overriding using virtual functions.

• Compile time polymorphism is resolved during compile time based on the number and types of arguments passed to a function.

• Runtime polymorphism is resolved during runtime based on the actual object type being referred to.

• Compile time polymorphism is faster as the binding of function call is done ...read more

Session is a unit of work that extracts, transforms and loads data. Workflow is a collection of sessions that run in a specific order.

• Session is a single task that performs ETL operations on data

• Workflow is a collection of sessions that are executed in a specific order

• Sessions can be reused in multiple workflows

• Workflows can have multiple sessions

• Sessions can have multiple tasks

• Workflows can have multiple sessions with dependencies between them

Process is an instance of a program while thread is a subset of a process that can run concurrently with other threads.

• A process is a program in execution

• A process can have multiple threads

• Threads share the same memory space as the process

• Threads can run concurrently with other threads within the same process

• Examples of processes include web browsers, word processors, and media players

• Examples of threads include GUI thread, network thread, and background thread

Rotate an array with given number of times.

• Use a temporary array to store elements to be rotated

• Loop through the original array and copy elements to the temporary array

• Copy the rotated elements from the temporary array back to the original array

Structs store data in a contiguous block of memory, while pointers store memory addresses.

• Structs store data in a sequential manner in memory

• Pointers store memory addresses of variables

• Example: struct Person { char name[20]; int age; }; Person p; int *ptr = &p.age;

Xpath and CSS are used to locate web elements on a webpage.

• Xpath is a language used to navigate through the XML structure of a webpage.

• CSS selectors are used to target specific HTML elements on a webpage.

• Xpath can be used to locate elements based on their attributes, text content, or position on the page.

• CSS selectors can be used to locate elements based on their tag name, class, ID, or attributes.

• Both Xpath and CSS can be used in automated testing frameworks like Selenium to...read more

A fintech app class diagram and system design involves modeling classes, relationships, and interactions for financial services.

• Identify key classes such as User, Account, Transaction, and Payment

• Define relationships between classes (e.g. User has many Accounts, Account has many Transactions)

• Consider security measures for sensitive financial data

• Include features like authentication, authorization, and encryption

• Design a scalable and efficient system architecture to handle hig...read more

Understanding call flows in a detailed telecom Linux environment.

• Study the signaling protocols used in telecom networks such as SIP, H.323, or SS7.

• Understand the role of various network elements like gateways, proxies, and servers in call setup and teardown.

• Learn about the Linux tools and commands used for monitoring and troubleshooting telecom services.

• Practice analyzing packet captures to understand the flow of data during a call.

• Familiarize yourself with common issues and ...read more

The Ue attach procedure is a process in cellular networks where a user equipment (UE) establishes a connection with the network.

• The UE sends an attach request to the network.

• The network validates the request and assigns a temporary identifier to the UE.

• The network updates its location information for the UE.

• The network sends an attach accept message to the UE.

• The UE acknowledges the attach accept message.

• The network updates the UE's status as attached.

• The UE can now access ne...read more

Implementing stack using queue involves using two queues to simulate stack behavior.

• Create two queues, q1 and q2.

• Push operation: Enqueue the element to q1.

• Pop operation: Dequeue all elements from q1 to q2 except the last element. Dequeue and return the last element.

• Swap the names of q1 and q2 after each pop operation.

• Top operation: Return the last element of q1 without dequeuing it.

• isEmpty operation: Check if both q1 and q2 are empty.

Cloud offers endless opportunities for growth through continuous innovation and scalability.

• Continuous learning and upskilling in cloud technologies such as AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud

• Exploring new services and features offered by cloud providers to enhance productivity and efficiency

• Utilizing cloud-native tools for automation, monitoring, and optimization

• Developing expertise in areas like serverless computing, containers, and microservices architecture

• Collaborating with cro...read more

Building a Swiggy-like application using Tomcat

• Utilize Tomcat as the web server to handle HTTP requests

• Implement a database to store user information, restaurant details, and orders

• Develop a user-friendly interface for customers to browse restaurants and place orders

• Integrate payment gateway for secure transactions

• Implement features like order tracking, reviews, and ratings for restaurants

• Ensure scalability and performance by optimizing code and server configurations

Java Reflection is a feature that allows a program to examine or modify its own structure at runtime.

• Java Reflection provides a way to inspect and manipulate classes, methods, fields, and constructors at runtime.

• It allows you to access private fields and methods, bypassing encapsulation.

• You can dynamically create instances of classes, invoke methods, and access fields using Reflection.

• Example: Class clazz = Class.forName("com.example.MyClass");

• Example: Method method = clazz.g...read more

I have designed architecture diagrams for various projects including a cloud-based e-commerce platform and a mobile app for a healthcare provider.

• Designed architecture diagrams for a cloud-based e-commerce platform using AWS services such as EC2, S3, and RDS

• Created architecture diagrams for a mobile app for a healthcare provider using Firebase for backend services

• Collaborated with development teams to ensure architecture diagrams aligned with project requirements

Design a WhatsApp chat system for real-time messaging.

• Use WebSocket for real-time communication

• Implement end-to-end encryption for security

• Allow users to send text, images, videos, and documents

• Include features like group chats, read receipts, and message forwarding

CICD process in a cloud environment involves automating the build, test, and deployment of applications in the cloud.

• Automate the process of building, testing, and deploying code changes

• Integrate code changes into a shared repository

• Automatically trigger builds and tests upon code changes

• Deploy applications to cloud environments using automation tools like Jenkins, GitLab CI/CD, or AWS CodePipeline

StatefulSet in Kubernetes manages stateful applications by providing stable, unique network identifiers and persistent storage.

• StatefulSet ensures that each pod in the set has a unique identity and stable network hostname

• StatefulSet pods are created and managed in a predictable order, with each pod having a persistent identifier

• StatefulSet is useful for stateful applications like databases where data persistence and unique identities are important

When you search Google, it retrieves relevant information from its index and displays results based on the search query.

• Google retrieves information from its index of web pages

• Results are displayed based on relevance to the search query

• Search results may include websites, images, videos, news articles, and more

A hash map is a data structure that stores key-value pairs and allows for efficient retrieval of values based on keys.

• Hash map uses a hash function to map keys to indices in an array.

• It allows for constant time average case complexity for insertion, deletion, and lookup operations.

• Collisions can occur when multiple keys hash to the same index, which can be resolved using techniques like chaining or open addressing.

• Example: Java's HashMap class implements a hash map using an a...read more

Dynamic programming is a technique to solve complex problems by breaking them down into smaller subproblems.

• It involves solving subproblems only once and storing their solutions for future use.

• It is used in optimization problems, such as finding the shortest path or maximizing profit.

• Examples include the knapsack problem and the Fibonacci sequence.

• It can be implemented using either a top-down or bottom-up approach.

• Dynamic programming requires both optimal substructure and ove...read more

Configuration Management system design involves version control, change tracking, and deployment automation.

• Implement version control to track changes in configuration files

• Use a centralized repository for storing configuration files

• Automate deployment processes to ensure consistency and efficiency

• Implement access control to manage permissions for making changes

• Utilize tools like Git, Ansible, Puppet, or Chef for configuration management

Structure and union are used to group related data. Pointers are used to store memory addresses. Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same data type.

• Structures and unions can be accessed using pointers.

• Arrays can be accessed using pointers as well.

• Pointers can be used to dynamically allocate memory for structures, unions, and arrays.

Minimum number of swaps required to make a given array of strings a palindrome.

• Create a hash table to store the frequency of each character in the array.

• Iterate through the array and count the number of characters with odd frequency.

• If the count is greater than 1, the array cannot be rearranged into a palindrome.

• Otherwise, use two pointers to swap characters and count the number of swaps required to make the array a palindrome.

Verilog coding of flip flops and FSM involves designing sequential circuits using Verilog HDL.

• Understand the functionality of different flip flops like D flip flop, JK flip flop, etc.

• Implement flip flops using Verilog syntax, specifying input and output ports.

• Design Finite State Machines (FSM) using Verilog, defining states, transitions, and outputs.

• Use Verilog constructs like always blocks, case statements, and state registers for FSM implementation.

Estimating a task involves breaking it down into smaller components, considering past experiences, and accounting for potential risks.

• Break down the task into smaller sub-tasks

• Consider past experiences and similar tasks for reference

• Account for potential risks and uncertainties

• Use estimation techniques like bottom-up, top-down, or analogous estimation

• Involve team members in the estimation process for more accurate results

A URL shortener is a tool that takes a long URL and creates a shorter, easier-to-share link.

• Generate a unique short code for each URL

• Store the short code and original URL in a database

• Redirect users from the short URL to the original URL

• Track clicks and analytics for each short URL

A webservice is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network.

• Webservices use standardized protocols such as HTTP, XML, SOAP, and REST.

• They allow different applications to communicate with each other regardless of the programming language or platform used.

• Webservices can be used for a variety of purposes such as data exchange, business process integration, and application integration.

• Examples of webservices include Google Ma...read more

I am able to share my screen for coding and problem-solving during interviews.

• Prepare a coding environment with a code editor and compiler ready to go

• Share your screen with the interviewer using a screen sharing tool like Zoom or Google Meet

• Explain your thought process and coding approach as you work through the problem

• Ask for clarification if needed and communicate effectively with the interviewer

Program to find duplicate numbers and prime numbers in an array of strings.

• Iterate through the array to find duplicate numbers using a hashmap or set.

• Check each number in the array for primality using a function that checks divisibility.

• Store the duplicate numbers and prime numbers in separate arrays for further processing.

Garbage collection is an automatic memory management process.

• It frees up memory that is no longer being used by the program.

• It helps prevent memory leaks and crashes caused by running out of memory.

• Examples include Java's garbage collector and Python's reference counting.

• Garbage collection can have an impact on performance and should be tuned accordingly.

Structure padding is the insertion of empty bytes between structure members to ensure proper alignment.

• Padding is added to align data types on memory boundaries for efficiency.

• It helps in optimizing memory access and improving performance.

• For example, a structure with int, char, and double members may have padding to align them properly.

Design a database schema for a given condition

• Identify the entities and their relationships

• Define the attributes for each entity

• Create tables for each entity with appropriate primary and foreign keys

Semaphores and mutexes are synchronization mechanisms used in multi-threaded programming to control access to shared resources.

• Semaphores are used to control access to a shared resource by counting the number of available resources.

• Mutexes are used to provide mutual exclusion to shared resources by allowing only one thread to access the resource at a time.

• Semaphores can be used to implement producer-consumer problem, while mutexes are typically used for critical sections.

• Exam...read more

Java is a popular programming language known for its platform independence. OOPs concepts include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

• Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language.

• OOPs concepts in Java include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

• Encapsulation refers to bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

• Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

• Po...read more

Capacitor stores and releases electrical energy.

• Capacitors store electrical energy in an electric field

• They are used in electronic circuits to filter, smooth, or bypass signals

• Capacitors can be polarized or non-polarized

• Examples include decoupling capacitors, timing capacitors, and power factor correction capacitors

A coil is a device used to create a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it.

• Coils are commonly used in electromagnets, transformers, inductors, and electric motors.

• The magnetic field generated by a coil can be used for various applications such as data storage in hard drives or wireless charging in smartphones.

• Coils are made by winding wire around a core material such as iron or air to concentrate the magnetic field.

• The number of turns in the coil, the curren...read more

A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only.

• Diodes are commonly used in rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC.

• They are also used in signal processing, voltage regulation, and protection circuits.

• Examples of diodes include silicon diodes, Schottky diodes, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

A resistor is an electronic component that resists the flow of electrical current.

• Resistors are used to control the amount of current flowing in a circuit.

• They are measured in ohms (Ω) and have color-coded bands to indicate their resistance value.

• Resistors can be fixed or variable, with variable resistors allowing for adjustment of resistance.

• Examples of resistor applications include voltage dividers, current limiting, and signal conditioning.

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

• Transforms voltage levels from high to low or vice versa

• Isolation of circuits for safety

• Efficient energy transfer with minimal losses

• Commonly used in power distribution systems

• Examples: step-up transformer, step-down transformer

A class in a real time scenario is like a blueprint for creating objects with similar properties and behaviors.

• Classes are used to define the structure and behavior of objects in object-oriented programming.

• They encapsulate data and methods that operate on that data.

• For example, in a banking system, a 'Customer' class can have properties like name, account number, and methods like deposit, withdraw.

• Classes help in organizing code, promoting reusability, and maintaining code c...read more

Use JavaScript to get all options from a drop down menu

• Use document.getElementById() to select the drop down element

• Access the options property of the element to get all options

• Loop through the options to extract the text values

Coding in machine with complex problems requires strong problem-solving skills and knowledge of algorithms.

• Understand the problem thoroughly before starting to code

• Break down the problem into smaller subproblems

• Use appropriate data structures and algorithms to solve the problem efficiently

• Test your code thoroughly to ensure it works correctly

• Optimize your code for performance if necessary