100+ Member Technical Staff Interview Questions and Answers

A machine is a device that uses energy to perform a specific task by utilizing various components and technical parts.

• Machines consist of components such as gears, motors, sensors, and actuators.

• They operate based on principles of physics and engineering.

• Examples include cars, computers, and industrial robots.

Program to find number of bits in a number

• Use bitwise operations to count the number of bits in a number

• Iterate through each bit and count the set bits

• Use log base 2 to find the number of bits in a number

API is a set of protocols for building software while Webservice is a type of API that uses HTTP for communication.

• API is a set of protocols for building software applications

• Webservice is a type of API that uses HTTP for communication

• API can be used for both internal and external communication

• Webservice is typically used for external communication over the internet

• API can be in any form like REST, SOAP, etc.

• Webservice is always in the form of SOAP

A singleton class is a class that can only have one instance at a time.

• To break a singleton class, one can create multiple instances of the class.

• Another way to break it is by using reflection to access the private constructor and create a new instance.

• In some cases, serialization and deserialization can also break the singleton pattern.

An instance is a specific object created from a class, while a class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.

• An instance is created from a class using the 'new' keyword.

• Classes define the properties and behaviors of objects, while instances represent specific objects with their own unique data.

• Multiple instances can be created from the same class.

• Classes can be thought of as a cookie cutter, while instances are the cookies cut out from the dough.

• Example: Class 'Car' d...read more

Given a map of coffee shops and a person, find the closest n coffee shops to him.

• Use the person's location and calculate the distance to each coffee shop on the map.

• Sort the coffee shops by distance and return the closest n.

• Consider using a data structure like a priority queue to efficiently find the closest coffee shops.

The question asks for the length of the longest absolute directory path string and how to optimize it.

• Use a depth-first search (DFS) algorithm to traverse the directory structure

• Maintain a stack to keep track of the current path length

• Keep updating the maximum path length encountered

• Consider the length of each directory/file name and the length of the path separators

Use the WebSocket API in JavaScript to connect to a server socket

• Use the WebSocket constructor to create a new WebSocket object

• Pass the server URL as the first argument to the WebSocket constructor

• Handle the WebSocket events like onopen, onmessage, onerror, and onclose

Design and print all nodes of a binary tree.

• Design a binary tree structure with left and right child pointers for each node.

• Implement a recursive function to print all nodes of the binary tree.

• Start from the root node and recursively print the left subtree, then the root, and finally the right subtree.

The grazing area of the horse can be calculated by finding the area of the circle formed by the rope.

• Calculate the radius of the circle formed by the rope (15m).

• Use the formula for the area of a circle (A = πr^2) to find the grazing area.

• Subtract the area of the square (5cm x 5cm) from the grazing area to get the final result.

Design a system to find the millionth person liking a particular comment.

• Use a database to store the likes for each comment

• Implement a counter to keep track of the number of likes for each comment

• Use a caching mechanism to improve performance

• Consider sharding or partitioning the data for scalability

• Implement a search algorithm to find the millionth person

A scheduler is a function that manages the execution of tasks or processes.

• Inputs: tasks or processes to be scheduled, priority or order of execution

• Output: schedule or order in which tasks or processes will be executed

• Functioning: determines the order of execution based on predefined criteria or algorithms

A copy constructor is a special type of constructor in C++ that creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.

• Copy constructor is used to initialize a new object as a copy of an existing object.

• It is invoked when an object is passed by value, returned by value, or explicitly called.

• Example: class MyClass { public: MyClass(const MyClass& obj) { // copy constructor logic } };

• Example: MyClass obj1; MyClass obj2 = obj1; // copy constructor is invoked to create obj2 as a co...read more

A virtual destructor is a destructor declared as virtual in a base class to ensure proper destruction of derived class objects.

• Virtual destructors are used in polymorphic base classes to ensure that the destructor of the derived class is called when deleting a base class pointer.

• They allow proper cleanup of resources allocated in the derived class.

• Example: class Base { virtual ~Base() {} }; class Derived : public Base { virtual ~Derived() {} };

• Deleting a Base pointer pointing...read more

Yes, the standard requirements of risk management for medical devices include ISO 14971 and FDA regulations.

• ISO 14971 is an international standard for risk management of medical devices.

• FDA regulations require medical device manufacturers to establish and maintain a risk management process.

• Risk management for medical devices involves identifying hazards, estimating risks, and implementing controls to mitigate risks.

• Examples of risk management activities include risk assessmen...read more

Asynchronous in JS means executing code without blocking the main thread.

• Asynchronous code allows other code to run while waiting for a task to complete.

• It is commonly used for network requests, file I/O, and other time-consuming operations.

• Callbacks, Promises, and Async/Await are common ways to handle asynchronous code in JS.

1+√2 is greater than √5 graphically.

• Plot the points on a number line or graph.

• 1+√2 is approximately 2.41, while √5 is approximately 2.24.

• Therefore, 1+√2 is greater than √5.

Terraform state in file system can be managed using remote backends or local state files.

• Use remote backends like S3, Azure Blob Storage, or Google Cloud Storage for better collaboration and security.

• If using local state files, store them in a version-controlled directory to track changes and prevent conflicts.

• Consider using Terraform Cloud for centralized state management and collaboration among team members.

CQI plays a crucial role in downlink MCS selection.

• CQI stands for Channel Quality Indicator.

• It is a measurement of the quality of the wireless channel between the base station and the user equipment.

• Based on the CQI, the base station determines the appropriate modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for downlink transmission.

• Higher CQI values indicate better channel conditions and allow for higher MCS with higher data rates.

• Lower CQI values indicate poorer channel conditions and r...read more

To create an image out of a running container, you can use the 'docker commit' command.

• Use 'docker commit' command to create an image from a running container

• Syntax: docker commit [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]

• Example: docker commit container_id repository_name:tag

Develop and implement security and cloud controls for Cloud Engineering

• Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential security threats

• Implement encryption protocols to protect data in transit and at rest

• Utilize multi-factor authentication to enhance access control

• Regularly monitor and audit cloud infrastructure for security vulnerabilities

• Implement automated security controls to quickly respond to threats

• Train employees on security best practices to prevent human er...read more

Use stack data structure to efficiently check validity of brackets in a string.

• Create an empty stack

• Traverse the string character by character

• If the character is an opening bracket, push it onto the stack

• If the character is a closing bracket, check if it matches the top of the stack

• If it matches, pop the top element from the stack

• If it doesn't match or the stack is empty, return false

• After traversing the entire string, if the stack is empty, return true

• Otherwise, return false

Given 2 arrays, one with n elements and another with n-1 elements, answer the question.

• Compare the elements of both arrays to find the missing element.

• Use a loop or a built-in function to iterate through the arrays.

• Consider edge cases where the missing element is at the beginning or end of the array.

Design a thread-safe implementation of HashMap.

• Use synchronized methods or locks to ensure mutual exclusion.

• Consider using ConcurrentHashMap instead of HashMap.

• Use volatile keyword for variables accessed by multiple threads.

• Avoid using iterators as they may cause ConcurrentModificationException.

• Use atomic operations for read-modify-write operations.

• Consider using immutable keys to avoid synchronization issues.

Convert string to numbers without predefined functions

• Iterate through each character of the string

• Subtract the ASCII value of '0' from the character to get the numerical value

• Multiply the numerical value by the appropriate power of 10 based on its position in the string

• Add the resulting number to a running total

Find maximum distinct elements in every sliding window of size k.

• Create a hash table to store the frequency of each element in the current window.

• Use two pointers to maintain the current window and slide it over the array.

• Update the hash table for each new element in the window and remove the old element.

• Keep track of the maximum number of distinct elements seen so far.

• Repeat until all windows of size k have been processed.

Mobile first design is an approach where the design and development of a website or application starts with the mobile version.

• Designing for smaller screens first

• Prioritizing content and functionality for mobile users

• Adapting the design for larger screens

• Focusing on speed and performance

• Examples: Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook

Pesticide paradox refers to the phenomenon where pests develop resistance to pesticides over time.

• Pesticides are used to kill pests, but over time pests develop resistance to them

• This happens because the pests that are resistant to the pesticide survive and reproduce, passing on their resistance to their offspring

• This can lead to the need for stronger and more toxic pesticides, which can have negative environmental and health effects

• Integrated pest management strategies can h...read more

CICD pipeline is a process that automates the building, testing, and deployment of software.

• Continuous Integration (CI) - code changes are integrated into a shared repository multiple times a day.

• Continuous Testing - automated tests are run to ensure code quality.

• Continuous Deployment - code changes are automatically deployed to production.

• Stages include: build, test, deploy, and monitor.

• Tools like Jenkins, GitLab, and CircleCI are commonly used in CICD pipelines.

A freestyle project is a type of project in Jenkins that allows users to configure the build process in any way they want. A pipeline is a set of automated steps that define the process for building, testing, and deploying code.

• Freestyle project in Jenkins allows users to configure build process manually

• Pipeline in Jenkins is a set of automated steps for building, testing, and deploying code

• Freestyle projects are more flexible but pipelines are more scalable and maintainable

• E...read more

Blocking assignments wait for the assigned statement to complete before moving on, while non-blocking assignments allow for concurrent execution.

• Blocking assignments use '=' operator and execute sequentially.

• Non-blocking assignments use '<=' operator and allow for concurrent execution.

• Blocking assignments are used for combinational logic.

• Non-blocking assignments are used for sequential logic.

• Example: blocking assignment - A = B + C; non-blocking assignment - D <= E + F;

Program to add two linked lists

• Create a function that takes two linked lists as input

• Traverse both lists simultaneously and add corresponding nodes

• Handle cases where one list is longer than the other

Sorting an array and manipulating/searching strings are important skills for a Member Technical Staff.

• Sorting an array can be done using built-in functions like sort() or by implementing sorting algorithms like bubble sort, merge sort, quick sort, etc.

• String manipulation involves operations like concatenation, substring extraction, character replacement, etc. and can be done using built-in functions or by implementing custom functions.

• Searching in strings can be done using bu...read more

Use tools like Postman, Swagger, or libraries like Mockito to mock API responses.

• Use tools like Postman to manually mock API responses by creating mock endpoints.

• Use Swagger to generate mock server code based on API specifications.

• Use libraries like Mockito in Java to mock API responses in unit tests.

• Create sample JSON responses and serve them using tools like JSON Server.

Use binary search to find the second largest element in O(log n) time complexity.

• Sort the array in descending order.

• Return the second element in the sorted array.

• Example: Input [5, 2, 8, 10, 3], Output: 8

Use indexing to access individual characters from a string.

• Use square brackets and the index number to access a specific character in the string.

• Remember that indexing starts at 0 in most programming languages.

• Example: str = 'hello', to get the first character 'h', use str[0].

Stale element exception occurs when an element is no longer attached to the DOM. It can be handled by refreshing the page or waiting for the element to become available again.

• Refresh the page before interacting with the element

• Wait for the element to become available again using explicit or implicit waits

• Handle the exception using try-catch block