200+ Architect Interview Questions and Answers

DBMS stands for Database Management System. Normalization in Oracle is the process of organizing data in a database efficiently.

• DBMS is a software that manages databases, allowing users to store, retrieve, and manipulate data.

• Normalization in Oracle involves organizing data into tables and columns to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

• There are different levels of normalization, such as First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form (3NF), and ...read more

To create a scalable pipeline, consider factors like automation, modularity, monitoring, and flexibility.

• Automate repetitive tasks to increase efficiency and reduce errors

• Design modular components that can be easily added or removed to adjust to changing needs

• Implement monitoring tools to track performance and identify bottlenecks

• Ensure flexibility to accommodate future growth and changes in technology

• Examples: Using tools like Jenkins for automation, Docker for containerizat...read more

To convert a monolithic application to microservices, you need to break down the application into smaller, independent services.

• Identify the different functionalities of the monolithic application

• Decide on the boundaries of each microservice

• Refactor the codebase to separate out the functionalities into individual services

• Implement communication between the microservices using APIs or messaging queues

• Deploy the microservices independently and manage them using container orches...read more

Design software with modular architecture to integrate input sensors from different systems.

• Create a modular architecture to easily integrate input sensors from different systems.

• Develop a standardized data format for input from various sensors.

• Implement a central hub or middleware to collect and process data from different sensors.

• Use APIs or protocols like MQTT, RESTful APIs, or OPC UA for communication between sensors and the software.

End-to-end testing can be integrated into CI/CD pipelines by automating test scripts and running them after each code change.

• Automate end-to-end test scripts using tools like Selenium or Cypress

• Integrate the automated tests into the CI/CD pipeline to run after each code change

• Use tools like Jenkins or GitLab CI to trigger the end-to-end tests

• Monitor test results and failures to ensure code quality and reliability

Static class is a class that cannot be instantiated and its members can be accessed without creating an object. Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects.

• Static class is used for creating utility classes or for grouping related methods and properties.

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they were of the same class.

• OOP concepts include encapsulation, inheritance,...read more

I would prefer Ingress in Kubernetes for managing external access to services.

• Ingress provides a way to manage external access to services in a Kubernetes cluster.

• Ingress can provide load balancing, SSL termination, and name-based virtual hosting.

• Ingress allows for more flexibility and control over routing traffic to different services.

• Gateway is more commonly used in the context of API gateways for managing APIs.

• Ingress is a better choice for managing external access to serv...read more

Pre requisites in a CD set include proper planning, design specifications, budget allocation, and client approval.

• Proper planning to outline the goals and objectives of the project

• Design specifications to determine the layout, materials, and structural requirements

• Budget allocation to ensure all costs are accounted for and within the client's budget

• Client approval to proceed with the project

We use a variety of software depending on the project needs.

• Autodesk Revit for BIM modeling

• SketchUp for conceptual design

• Adobe Creative Suite for presentations

• Rhino for complex geometries

• AutoCAD for drafting

• Microsoft Office for project management

• Bluebeam for PDF markup and collaboration

To scale a system to 1 million users, optimize database, use load balancing, and implement caching.

• Optimize database by indexing frequently queried data and partitioning tables

• Use load balancing to distribute traffic across multiple servers

• Implement caching to reduce database queries and improve response time

• Consider using a content delivery network (CDN) to serve static assets

• Use horizontal scaling by adding more servers instead of vertical scaling by upgrading hardware

• Perfo...read more

Designing urban cities requires careful planning and consideration of various factors.

• Urban cities need to prioritize sustainability and green spaces to improve quality of life for residents.

• Efficient transportation systems are crucial for reducing traffic congestion and pollution.

• Mixed-use developments can create vibrant communities with easy access to amenities.

• Incorporating smart technology can enhance urban living experiences and improve efficiency.

• Collaboration with loca...read more

Wet sanding is a technique used in construction and woodworking to smooth surfaces using water and abrasive materials.

• Wet sanding involves wetting the surface being sanded and using wet sandpaper or abrasive pads.

• Water helps to lubricate the surface and prevent dust from becoming airborne.

• It is commonly used to smooth drywall, wood, and automotive finishes.

• Wet sanding can be done by hand or with the help of power tools like sanders or polishers.

• The process gradually removes i...read more

A suitable approach to build a system in a set of particular requirements involves understanding the requirements, designing the system architecture, selecting appropriate technologies, and testing the system.

• Understand the requirements thoroughly

• Design the system architecture based on the requirements

• Select appropriate technologies for the system

• Test the system to ensure it meets the requirements

• Iterate on the design and testing as necessary

• Consider scalability, security, an...read more

Yes, I am familiar with * (client name) STA flow.

• Yes, I have experience working with * (client name) STA flow.

• I have successfully implemented * (client name) STA flow in previous projects.

• I am knowledgeable about the specific requirements and processes involved in * (client name) STA flow.

Yes, I have experience with both block-level and subsystem-level STA.

• I have experience with block-level STA, where I focused on timing analysis within a specific block of the design.

• I have also worked on subsystem-level STA, which involves analyzing timing across multiple blocks or components of the design.

• Examples of tools I have used for STA include PrimeTime and Tempus.

Migration tools are software programs used to transfer data from one system to another.

• Some popular migration tools include AWS Database Migration Service, Microsoft SQL Server Migration Assistant, and Oracle Data Integrator.

• These tools can be used to migrate data between different types of databases, such as from MySQL to PostgreSQL.

• Migration tools can also be used to move data from on-premises systems to cloud-based systems, or between different cloud providers.

• They often i...read more

Yes, I have done customisation in spring-boot.

• Implemented custom error handling by extending ResponseEntityExceptionHandler

• Created custom annotations for validation

• Configured custom logging using Logback

Performance improvement can be managed through setting clear goals, providing feedback, and offering training and development opportunities.

• Set specific and measurable goals for employees to work towards

• Provide regular feedback and coaching to help employees improve

• Offer training and development opportunities to enhance skills and knowledge

• Recognize and reward employees for their achievements

• Create a culture of continuous improvement and learning

• Use data and metrics to track ...read more

I am familiar with various softwares used in architecture such as AutoCAD, SketchUp, Revit, and 3ds Max.

• AutoCAD

• SketchUp

• Revit

• 3ds Max

Dependency injection is a design pattern that allows objects to receive dependencies rather than creating them internally.

• Dependency injection separates the creation of an object from its dependencies.

• It makes code more modular and testable.

• There are three types of dependency injection: constructor injection, setter injection, and interface injection.

• Example: Instead of creating a database connection object inside a class, the object is passed as a parameter to the class cons...read more

New technologies of DBMS are constantly emerging to improve data management and analysis.

• New SQL databases like CockroachDB and TiDB are gaining popularity for their scalability and distributed architecture.

• NoSQL databases like MongoDB and Cassandra are widely used for their flexibility and ability to handle unstructured data.

• Graph databases like Neo4j and OrientDB are becoming popular for their ability to handle complex relationships between data.

• In-memory databases like Red...read more

End-to-end activities like NFR validation, gathering, and WLM ensure quality and performance of software.

• NFR validation involves testing non-functional requirements like performance, security, and usability.

• NFR gathering involves identifying and documenting non-functional requirements.

• WLM (Workload Management) involves managing the workload on the system to ensure optimal performance.

• Other end-to-end activities may include testing, deployment, and monitoring of the software.

• T...read more

I am proficient in AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp, and Adobe Creative Suite.

• AutoCAD

• Revit

• SketchUp

• Adobe Creative Suite

Basic standards of an architect from NBC

• The National Building Code (NBC) sets the basic standards for architects

• Architects must comply with the NBC's regulations on building design, construction, and safety

• NBC also mandates the use of sustainable and energy-efficient materials and practices

• Architects must obtain necessary permits and approvals from local authorities before starting any construction work

It depends on the specific requirements of the project. ECS is simpler to set up and manage, while EKS offers more flexibility and control.

• ECS is easier to set up and manage compared to EKS

• EKS offers more flexibility and control over the infrastructure

• Consider the level of control and customization needed for the project

• ECS is a good choice for simpler applications with less complex requirements

• EKS is suitable for more complex applications that require fine-tuning and customi...read more

Yes, CoDesigner is a collaborative design platform for architects and engineers.

• CoDesigner allows architects and engineers to work together in real-time on a shared 3D model.

• It includes features such as clash detection, project management, and version control.

• CoDesigner is compatible with popular design software such as Revit and AutoCAD.

• It can help streamline the design process and improve communication between team members.

Balance in the banking industry is calculated by subtracting liabilities from assets.

• Calculate total assets of the bank

• Calculate total liabilities of the bank

• Subtract total liabilities from total assets to get the balance

• Balance = Total Assets - Total Liabilities

Migration from M1 to M2 and work flow of M2

• Migration from M1 to M2 involves transferring data, customizations, and extensions to the new platform

• M2 workflow involves creating a store, adding products, setting up payment and shipping methods, and managing orders

• M2 also offers advanced features like multi-store management, improved checkout process, and better performance

• M2 uses a modular architecture and follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern for development

Security aspects were addressed through a multi-layered approach.

• Access control measures were implemented to restrict entry to authorized personnel only.

• CCTV cameras were installed to monitor the premises.

• Firewalls and encryption were used to secure the network.

• Regular security audits were conducted to identify vulnerabilities.

• Emergency response plans were developed and tested.

• Security personnel were trained to handle potential threats.

• Sensitive data was stored in secure loca...read more

Best design practices in architecture involve considering functionality, aesthetics, sustainability, and user experience.

• Consider the functionality of the space and how it will be used by occupants

• Focus on creating aesthetically pleasing designs that enhance the environment

• Incorporate sustainable materials and practices to reduce environmental impact

• Prioritize user experience and ensure the design meets the needs of the people using the space

Yes, I can follow CAD layer systems and CTB.

• I have experience in using CAD software and following layer systems.

• I am familiar with CTB (Color Table) files and how to apply them in CAD drawings.

• I can efficiently organize and manage different layers in CAD drawings.

• I understand the importance of adhering to CAD layer standards for effective collaboration and communication in architectural projects.

Yes, we work as per DDA norms and PwD norms.

• We ensure that our designs are accessible and inclusive for people with disabilities.

• We follow the guidelines set by the DDA (Disability Discrimination Act) and PwD (Persons with Disabilities) Act.

• We incorporate features like ramps, wider doorways, and accessible washrooms in our designs.

• We also consider factors like lighting, acoustics, and tactile surfaces to make our designs more accessible.

• For example, we recently designed a sch...read more

GCP migration involves transferring legacy systems to the cloud.

• Identify the legacy systems that need to be migrated

• Assess the compatibility of the legacy systems with GCP

• Plan the migration strategy and timeline

• Execute the migration process, ensuring data integrity and minimal downtime

• Test and validate the migrated systems in the GCP environment

• Optimize and fine-tune the migrated systems for optimal performance

I have a strong understanding of international standards in architecture.

• Familiar with ISO standards for building design and construction

• Knowledge of LEED certification requirements for sustainable buildings

• Understanding of local building codes and regulations in different countries

• Experience working on projects that adhere to international standards

I have set up a scalable cloud infrastructure using AWS for application deployment.

• Utilized AWS services such as EC2, S3, RDS, and Elastic Beanstalk for hosting and managing the application

• Implemented auto-scaling and load balancing to ensure high availability and performance

• Configured security groups, IAM roles, and VPC settings to secure the infrastructure

• Used CloudFormation templates for infrastructure as code to automate deployment processes

I created CI/CD pipelines using Jenkins and GitLab CI for automated testing and deployment.

• Utilized Jenkins to create pipelines for building, testing, and deploying code

• Integrated GitLab CI for automated testing and deployment processes

• Used Docker containers for consistent environments across different stages

• Implemented version control to track changes and rollback if needed

Handling load for a distributed system involves load balancing, scaling, caching, and monitoring.

• Implement load balancing to evenly distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers.

• Scale the system by adding more servers or resources to handle increased load.

• Utilize caching to store frequently accessed data and reduce the load on the backend.

• Monitor system performance and adjust resources as needed to maintain optimal performance.

• Examples: Using a load balancer like Nginx ...read more

The design process in software test involves planning, analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation.

• Planning involves identifying the scope, objectives, and requirements of the test.

• Analysis involves identifying the test conditions and designing test cases.

• Design involves creating test procedures and test data.

• Implementation involves executing the test cases and recording the results.

• Evaluation involves analyzing the results and reporting defects.

• Iterative testing may be ...read more

Optimization methods in query help improve performance and efficiency.

• Use indexes to speed up query execution

• Avoid using SELECT * and only retrieve necessary columns

• Optimize joins by using appropriate join types and conditions

• Limit the number of rows returned using LIMIT or TOP clause

• Use query execution plans to identify bottlenecks and optimize accordingly

I am proficient in AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp, and Adobe Creative Suite.

• AutoCAD

• Revit

• SketchUp

• Adobe Creative Suite

I have extensive experience in using Revit software and adhering to international building bylaws and standards.

• Proficient in Revit software for creating 3D models and drawings

• Familiar with international building codes and regulations

• Ability to ensure compliance with local and national building standards

• Experience in designing buildings that meet LEED certification requirements

• Knowledge of sustainable design principles and practices

Security in Kafka can be handled through authentication, authorization, encryption, and SSL/TLS.

• Implement authentication mechanisms like SASL or SSL for secure communication between clients and brokers.

• Set up ACLs (Access Control Lists) to control access to topics and resources.

• Enable encryption using SSL/TLS to secure data in transit.

• Use tools like Confluent Security Plugins for additional security features.

• Regularly update Kafka and related components to patch security vuln...read more

Buildahome is a company that specializes in building custom homes for clients.

• Buildahome offers personalized design and construction services.

• They work closely with clients to ensure their vision is realized.

• The company uses high-quality materials and skilled craftsmen to build homes.

• Buildahome also offers renovation and remodeling services.

• They have a strong reputation for delivering projects on time and within budget.

Current CTC is confidential. Expectation is based on industry standards and my experience.

• Current CTC is confidential as per company policy

• Expectation is based on industry standards and my experience

• Open to negotiation based on job role and responsibilities

SWOT analysis involves identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a project or business.

• Start by identifying the objective of the analysis

• List the strengths and weaknesses of the project or business

• Identify the opportunities and threats in the market or industry

• Analyze the results and develop a plan to address the issues

• Use the analysis to make informed decisions and improve the project or business

• Example: SWOT analysis of a new product launch

• - Strengths...read more

A tool is better than another if it is more efficient, effective, and user-friendly.

• Efficiency: A tool that can perform a task faster and with less effort is better.

• Effectiveness: A tool that can produce better results is better.

• User-friendliness: A tool that is easy to use and understand is better.

• Examples: A hammer is better than a rock for driving nails. A power drill is better than a manual screwdriver for drilling holes.

To consume multiple APIs in parallel, use asynchronous programming techniques like Promises or async/await.

• Use asynchronous programming techniques like Promises or async/await to make API calls concurrently.

• Create an array of Promises for each API call and then use Promise.all() to wait for all of them to resolve.

• Consider using libraries like Axios or Fetch for making API calls in a more efficient manner.