Testsigma Software Developer Intern Interview Questions and Answers

Reverse a binary search tree while maintaining parent-child relationship.

• Start by swapping the left and right child of each node recursively.

• Use a depth-first search approach to traverse the tree.

• Make sure to update the parent-child relationships accordingly.

To find min and max element in stack in O(1), we can use an auxiliary stack.

• Create an auxiliary stack to keep track of the minimum and maximum elements.

• Push the first element to both the main and auxiliary stack.

• For each subsequent element, compare it with the top element of the auxiliary stack and push the smaller element to the auxiliary stack.

• To get the minimum element, simply return the top element of the auxiliary...read more

Given an array, find the next minimum element for each element.

• Iterate through the array

• For each element, compare it with the elements on its right

• Find the minimum element greater than the current element

• If no such element exists, assign -1

• Build the resultant array

Find median of input stream in minimum time complexity using online algorithm.

• Use two heaps, one max heap for elements smaller than current median and one min heap for elements greater than current median.

• Maintain balance between the two heaps by ensuring that the size difference is at most 1.

• If the size of both heaps is equal, median is the average of the top elements of both heaps. Else, median is the top element of ...read more

To make a copy of a linked list with two pointers, iterate through the original list and create a new node for each element.

• Iterate through the original linked list

• Create a new node for each element

• Set the 'next' pointer of each new node

• Set the 'arbitrary' pointer of each new node

Reverse the nodes of a linked list in pairs of n

• Iterate through the linked list in pairs of n

• Reverse the nodes within each pair

• Connect the reversed pairs together

• Handle cases where the number of nodes is not a multiple of n

To check if a singly linked list is a palindrome, reverse the second half and compare it with the first half.

• Traverse the linked list to find the middle node

• Reverse the second half of the linked list

• Compare the reversed second half with the first half to check for palindrome

Given a preorder of binary tree with leaf nodes represented by N, construct the tree.

• Start by creating an empty stack.

• Iterate through the preorder list.

• If the current element is N, create a leaf node and push it onto the stack.

• If the current element is not N, create a new node and set its left child to the top of the stack.

• Pop the top of the stack and set it as the right child of the new node.

• Push the new node onto the...read more

The question asks to find the maximum occupancy word in each line of a given multiline string and also count the occupancy of capital and small letters separately.

• Split the multiline string into individual lines

• For each line, split it into words

• Initialize variables to store the maximum occupancy word and its count

• Iterate through each word and count the occupancy of each letter

• If the current word has a higher occupancy ...read more

Algorithm to find the best buying and selling dates for maximum profit from given stock prices array.

• Iterate through the array and keep track of minimum price and maximum profit.

• If current price is less than minimum price, update minimum price.

• If current price minus minimum price is greater than maximum profit, update maximum profit and buying and selling dates.

• Return buying and selling dates.

• Example: [10, 7, 5, 8, 11,...read more

The code finds the number of ways to reach n steps by jumping 1 or 2 steps at a time.

• Use dynamic programming to solve the problem

• Create an array to store the number of ways to reach each step

• Initialize the array with base cases for 0 and 1 steps

• Iterate through the array and calculate the number of ways for each step

• Return the value at the last step

Amazon.com is an online retail giant with a vast selection of products and services.

• Advantages: Wide selection of products, competitive pricing, fast shipping, convenient shopping experience

• Disadvantages: Can put smaller retailers out of business, concerns over worker treatment and environmental impact

• Example: Amazon Prime offers free two-day shipping and access to streaming services like Prime Video and Music

• Example: ...read more

Use file locking mechanisms like flock or lockfile to make a file mutually exclusive on a shared file system.

• Use flock or lockfile to acquire a lock on the file before accessing it.

• Release the lock once the operation is complete.

• Ensure all processes accessing the file use the same locking mechanism.

• Example: flock /path/to/file -c 'command to execute'

• Example: lockfile /path/to/file && command to execute && rm -f /path/t

I am a software developer with 5 years of experience in developing web applications using Java and JavaScript.

• 5 years of experience in software development

• Proficient in Java and JavaScript

• Developed web applications

• Strong problem-solving skills

• Experience with agile development methodologies

Positive: Strong problem-solving skills, Negative: Can be overly critical of own work

• Positive: Strong problem-solving skills - I excel at breaking down complex problems and finding efficient solutions

• Negative: Can be overly critical of own work - I tend to be perfectionistic and struggle with accepting imperfections

I had a failure in implementing a new feature due to a lack of understanding of the requirements.

• I was assigned to develop a new feature for our software application.

• I misunderstood the requirements and implemented the feature incorrectly.

• During the testing phase, it was discovered that the feature was not functioning as expected.

• I took responsibility for the mistake and immediately communicated it to my team lead.

• I wo...read more

Replace every element in array with its closest maximum element in right.

• Iterate through the array from right to left

• Keep track of the maximum element seen so far

• Replace each element with the maximum element seen so far

Designing a distributed Hashtable and discussing its pros and cons.

• Distributed Hashtable is a data structure that stores key-value pairs across multiple nodes.

• Pros include scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing.

• Cons include increased complexity, potential for data inconsistency, and slower performance due to network communication.

• Examples of distributed Hashtable implementations include Cassandra, Riak, and D

To identify if a tree is a BST, check if the inorder traversal of the tree results in a sorted sequence.

• Perform an inorder traversal of the tree

• Check if the resulting sequence is sorted in ascending order

• If yes, the tree is a BST; otherwise, it is not

My favorite subject is computer science and I excel in problem-solving and algorithm design.

• Computer science is my favorite subject because I enjoy coding and creating software applications.

• I am best at problem-solving, as I have a strong analytical mindset and can efficiently break down complex issues.

• I excel in algorithm design, as I have a deep understanding of data structures and can optimize code for efficiency.

Paging is a memory management technique used by operating systems to manage memory more efficiently. Virtual memory is a technique that allows a computer to use more memory than it physically has available.

• Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks called pages.

• Virtual memory allows programs to use more memory than is physically available by temporarily transferring pages of data from RAM to disk.

• Virtual memory also ...read more

The remaining memory is not wasted, but reserved for other system processes and applications.

• The operating system reserves a portion of the RAM for its own processes and functions.

• The unused memory can be used for caching data, improving system performance.

• Applications and processes may not require the full amount of RAM at all times.

• The unused memory can be allocated to other applications when needed.

• Virtual memory an...read more

Return the total possible positions for a knight on a chess board given the number of combinations of moves.

• Calculate all possible positions for a knight on a chess board using its unique L-shaped moves.

• Consider the boundaries of the chess board while calculating the positions.

• The total possible positions for a knight on a chess board are 64.

Use file locking mechanism to ensure mutual exclusion.

• Implement file locking mechanism to prevent simultaneous access to files.

• Use semaphores or mutexes to ensure only one process can access a file at a time.

• Implement a queue system to handle multiple requests and process them one by one.

• Use transactional file systems to ensure atomicity of file operations.

• Implement a timeout mechanism to prevent deadlocks.

• Consider imp...read more

Implementing a hash table in code

• Choose a hash function to map keys to indices in the table

• Create an array to hold the values at each index

• Handle collisions by using a collision resolution strategy

• Implement methods for inserting, retrieving, and deleting values

• Consider load factor and resizing the table if necessary

The given question asks to replace the value in each node of a binary search tree with the sum of all nodes greater than the current node.

• Traverse the BST in reverse order (right, root, left)

• Keep track of the sum of all greater nodes encountered so far

• Update the value of each node with the sum and update the sum

The next inorder predecessor in a binary search tree (BST) is the node with the largest value smaller than the given node.

• In a BST, the inorder predecessor of a node is the rightmost node in its left subtree.

• If the left subtree of the given node is empty, then the inorder predecessor is the nearest ancestor whose right child is also an ancestor of the given node.

• If there is no inorder predecessor (i.e., the given node

Generate all possible parentheses for a given integer n.

• Use recursion to generate all possible combinations of parentheses.

• Start with an empty string and keep adding opening and closing parentheses.

• Keep track of the number of opening and closing parentheses used.

• Stop recursion when the number of opening and closing parentheses reaches n.

• Add the generated combination to the result array.

The question asks how to feed a 2D matrix with values based on the given binary tree.

• Traverse the binary tree and for each node, update the corresponding row in the matrix

• Use a recursive function to update the matrix values

• Start with the root node and recursively update its descendants

• Set M[i, j] to 1 if node i is an ancestor of node j

• Repeat the process for all nodes in the binary tree

Find the first occurrence of a given key element in a sorted array with duplicates.

• Use binary search to find the key element.

• If the key element is found, check if it is the first occurrence by checking the previous element.

• If the key element is not found, return -1.

Spiral order traversal of a binary tree

• Use a stack and a queue to traverse the binary tree in a spiral order

• Start with the root node and add it to the stack

• While the stack is not empty, pop a node from the stack and add its children to the queue

• If the stack is empty, swap the stack and queue

• Repeat until both stack and queue are empty

Queue can be implemented using two stacks by maintaining the order of elements.

• Use two stacks, one for enqueue operation and one for dequeue operation

• When enqueue is called, push the element onto the enqueue stack

• When dequeue is called, if the dequeue stack is empty, transfer all elements from enqueue stack to dequeue stack

• Pop the top element from the dequeue stack and return it as the dequeued element

Edit distance problem is a dynamic programming problem to find the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into another.

• The problem can be solved using dynamic programming approach

• The solution involves filling up a matrix of size (m+1)x(n+1)

• The matrix represents the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into another

• The operations include insertion, deletion and substitution

• ...read more

To find a loop in a linked list, we can use the Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm.

• Initialize two pointers, slow and fast, both pointing to the head of the linked list.

• Move slow pointer by one step and fast pointer by two steps at each iteration.

• If there is a loop, the slow and fast pointers will eventually meet.

• To prove the algorithm, we can use mathematical induction and the concept of tortoise and hare.

Return all root to leaf node paths of a binary tree with row, col and value.

• Traverse the binary tree recursively and keep track of the current path.

• When a leaf node is reached, add the path to the result.

• Include row, col and value of each node in the path.

• Use a data structure like a list or array to store the paths.

• Consider edge cases like empty tree or single node tree.

Use an auxiliary stack to keep track of the maximum element at each step.

• Create an auxiliary stack to store the maximum element at each step.

• When pushing an element onto the main stack, compare it with the top element of the auxiliary stack.

• If the new element is greater, push it onto the auxiliary stack.

• When popping an element from the main stack, also pop the top element from the auxiliary stack if they are equal.

• To g...read more

Implement a getMax() function for a queue that returns the maximum element in O(1) time complexity.

• Maintain a separate data structure (e.g., a max heap) to track the maximum element in the queue.

• Whenever an element is enqueued, compare it with the current maximum and update if necessary.

• When dequeuing, check if the dequeued element is the maximum and update the maximum if needed.

Find the Next Greatest Element to the right for each element in an array.

• Iterate through the array from right to left

• Use a stack to keep track of elements

• Pop elements from stack until a greater element is found

• If no greater element is found, assign -1

• Reverse the result array

Remove unnecessary parenthesis from an expression.

• Identify the innermost expression enclosed in parenthesis.

• Check if the parenthesis are necessary for evaluation.

• If not, remove the parenthesis and repeat the process.

• Stop when no more unnecessary parenthesis are found.

Find the maximum product of three integers in an array.

• Sort the array in descending order.

• Check the product of the first three numbers and the product of the first and last two numbers.

• Return the maximum product.

• Handle negative numbers by checking the product of two smallest negative numbers and the largest positive number.

The length of the longest consecutive subarray forming an arithmetic progression in an array of integers.

• Iterate through the array and keep track of the longest consecutive subarray forming an AP.

• Use a hashmap to store the difference between each element and the previous element.

• If the difference is the same as the previous difference, increment the length of the current subarray.

• If the difference is different, update ...read more

The algorithm finds the position of the 3rd occurrence of 'B' in an n-ary tree from a given index in constant time complexity.

• Traverse the n-ary tree using a depth-first search (DFS) algorithm

• Keep track of the count of 'B' occurrences

• When the count reaches 3, return the current position

• If the end of the tree is reached before the 3rd 'B', return -1

Check if a given string is a composite of two words from a limited dictionary.

• Create a hash set of all the words in the dictionary.

• Iterate through all possible pairs of substrings in the given string.

• Check if both substrings are present in the hash set.

• If yes, return true. Else, return false.

Switch adjacent nodes in a single linked list.

• Traverse the linked list and swap adjacent nodes.

• Keep track of previous node to update its next pointer.

• Handle edge cases for first two nodes and last node.

• Example: 1->2->3->4 becomes 2->1->4->3.

Traverse only the left sub-tree of a binary search tree.

• Start at the root node

• If the left child exists, visit it and repeat the process

• If the left child does not exist, return to the parent node

• Continue until all nodes in the left sub-tree have been visited

Design an efficient data structure for two lifts in a building of n floors.

• Use a priority queue to keep track of the floors each lift is heading to

• Implement a scheduling algorithm to determine which lift to assign to a new request

• Consider adding a weight limit to each lift to prevent overloading

• Use a hash table to keep track of the current location of each lift

To find the maximum number that can be formed from the digits of an integer.

• Convert the integer to a string

• Sort the characters in descending order

• Join the sorted characters to form the maximum number