20+ Interview Questions and Answers

Quality assurance is the process of ensuring that a product or service meets the desired level of quality.

• Quality assurance involves the creation and implementation of processes and procedures to ensure that a product or service meets the desired level of quality.

• Quality control involves the inspection and testing of a product or service to ensure that it meets the desired level of quality.

• Quality assurance is a proactive process that focuses on preventing defects from occurr...read more

Memory leaks occur when a program fails to release memory after it is no longer needed.

• Examples include: forgetting to free allocated memory, circular references, and not closing file handles.

• To solve memory leaks, use tools like valgrind to detect leaks, ensure all allocated memory is freed, and avoid circular references.

• Other solutions include using smart pointers, garbage collection, and avoiding global variables.

FreeRTOS uses priority-based preemptive scheduling with round-robin time slicing.

• Tasks are assigned priorities and the scheduler always runs the highest priority task that is ready to run.

• Preemption occurs when a higher priority task becomes ready to run.

• Round-robin time slicing ensures that tasks with the same priority get equal CPU time.

• FreeRTOS also supports co-operative scheduling where tasks yield control to other tasks voluntarily.

• The scheduler is implemented as a part ...read more

Bit arbitration is a process of resolving conflicts when multiple nodes try to transmit data simultaneously. Bit stuffing is a technique used to ensure data integrity.

• Bit arbitration is used in CAN to determine which message has the highest priority and should be transmitted first.

• During bit stuffing, a '0' is inserted after every five consecutive '1's in the data to avoid confusion with the frame delimiter.

• Bit stuffing ensures that the receiver can distinguish between the ac...read more

String reverse and bit manipulation in C

• To reverse a string in C, use a loop to swap characters from start and end positions

• To set a bit at a position in an integer, use bitwise OR operator with 1 shifted to that position

• To clear a bit at a position in an integer, use bitwise AND operator with the complement of 1 shifted to that position

To debug and solve crash issues, analyze crash logs, reproduce the issue, use debugging tools, isolate the problem, fix the issue, and test the solution.

• Analyze crash logs to identify the cause of the crash

• Reproduce the crash issue to understand its triggers

• Use debugging tools like breakpoints, log statements, or memory analyzers

• Isolate the problem by narrowing down the code or components involved

• Fix the issue by addressing the root cause

• Test the solution thoroughly to ensure...read more

I want to learn about machine learning and AI.

• Enroll in online courses and tutorials on platforms like Coursera and Udemy.

• Attend workshops and conferences on machine learning and AI.

• Read books and research papers on the subject.

• Practice by working on personal projects and participating in hackathons.

• Collaborate with experts in the field and seek mentorship.

• Experiment with open-source machine learning frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch.

Risk classes of Medical devices according to EU MDR and FDA

• EU MDR classifies medical devices into four risk classes: Class I, Class IIa, Class IIb, and Class III

• FDA classifies medical devices into three risk classes: Class I, Class II, and Class III

• The classification is based on the potential risks associated with the device and the level of regulatory control needed

• Examples of Class I devices include tongue depressors and elastic bandages, while examples of Class III devices...read more

MDR was necessary due to advancements in technology, increased complexity of medical devices, and the need for stricter regulations.

• Advancements in technology led to the development of more complex medical devices that required updated regulations.

• MDR provides a more comprehensive framework for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical devices compared to MDD.

• The regulatory landscape evolved, necessitating the implementation of MDR to align with international standards...read more

Six Sigma is a data-driven methodology for process improvement that aims to reduce defects and variability.

• Six Sigma uses statistical analysis to identify and eliminate sources of variation in a process

• It follows a structured approach called DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control)

• The goal is to achieve a process capability of 6 standard deviations from the mean, which equates to a defect rate of 3.4 parts per million

• Six Sigma has been widely adopted in industries s...read more

To produce XML or JSON format response in API creation, use appropriate libraries or frameworks. In shell scripting, $1 represents the first argument passed to the script.

• For XML format response, use libraries like JAXB in Java or lxml in Python.

• For JSON format response, use libraries like Jackson in Java or json in Python.

• In shell scripting, $1 represents the first argument passed to the script. Use $2, $3, and so on for subsequent arguments.

• To read arguments in shell script...read more

Class based components use ES6 classes while functional components are just JavaScript functions.

• Class based components use ES6 classes to define a component

• Functional components are just JavaScript functions that return JSX

• Class based components have access to lifecycle methods like componentDidMount, componentDidUpdate, etc.

• Functional components are simpler and easier to read and test

• With the introduction of hooks in React, functional components can now have state and lifec...read more

The latest timeline for EU MDR implementation is May 26, 2021.

• EU MDR (Medical Device Regulation) implementation deadline is May 26, 2021.

• The regulation aims to ensure the safety and performance of medical devices in the EU market.

• Manufacturers need to comply with new requirements for product registration, clinical evaluations, and post-market surveillance.

• Non-compliance can result in market access restrictions or penalties.

Quality assurance is the process of ensuring that a product or service meets the desired level of quality.

• It involves creating and implementing quality standards and procedures

• It includes testing and inspecting products or services to ensure they meet the standards

• It also involves identifying and addressing any issues or defects

• Examples include software testing, product inspections, and customer satisfaction surveys

Metrics such as cycle time, lead time, throughput, defect rate, and customer satisfaction are used for trend analysis.

• Cycle time measures the time taken to complete a task or process.

• Lead time measures the time taken from the start of a process to its completion.

• Throughput measures the amount of work completed in a given time period.

• Defect rate measures the number of defects found in a product or process.

• Customer satisfaction measures the level of satisfaction of customers wi...read more

Using CUDA to multiply two matrices efficiently.

• Allocate memory on GPU for matrices A, B, and C

• Copy matrices A and B from host to device

• Launch CUDA kernel to perform matrix multiplication

• Copy result matrix C from device to host

• Free memory on GPU

Quantization is the process of mapping input values from a continuous range to a discrete set of values. Convolution is a mathematical operation that combines two functions to produce a third function.

• Quantization reduces the precision of data by mapping it to a smaller set of values. For example, converting a grayscale image from 256 levels to 8 levels.

• Convolution involves sliding one function over another and multiplying the overlapping values to produce a new function. It ...read more

Transformer architecture is a deep learning model that uses self-attention mechanism to process sequential data.

• Transformer architecture consists of an encoder and a decoder.

• Self-attention mechanism allows the model to weigh the importance of different input tokens when making predictions.

• Transformer models have been widely used in natural language processing tasks such as machine translation and text generation.

Swapping two numbers without using a third variable

• Use arithmetic operations to swap values

• Example: a = 5, b = 10; a = a + b; b = a - b; a = a - b;

• Ensure no overflow or underflow occurs

Use XOR operation to swap two variables without using a temporary variable

• Use XOR operation to swap two variables without using a temporary variable

• Example: a = 5, b = 10. a = a XOR b, b = a XOR b, a = a XOR b. Now a = 10, b = 5

Merge two sorted arrays into a single sorted array.

• Create a new array to store the merged result

• Use two pointers to iterate through the two input arrays and compare elements

• Add the smaller element to the new array and move the pointer for that array forward

• Repeat until all elements from both arrays are merged

MDR 2017/745 is a regulation that governs the safety and performance of medical devices in the European Union.

• MDR stands for Medical Device Regulation

• It replaces the previous Medical Device Directive (MDD)

• It requires stricter conformity assessments and clinical evaluations for medical devices

• It also establishes a central database (EUDAMED) for medical devices

• It applies to all medical devices sold in the EU, including those manufactured outside the EU

• It came into effect on May...read more

Labeling information provides important details about a product.

• Labeling information includes ingredients, dosage instructions, warnings, and expiration dates.

• It is required by law for most products to have labeling information.

• Labeling information can be found on the packaging or on an insert inside the packaging.

• It is important to read and understand labeling information before using a product.

Matrix multiplication in CUDA involves parallelizing the computation across multiple threads on the GPU.

• Use CUDA kernels to launch parallel threads for matrix multiplication.

• Divide the matrices into blocks and load them into shared memory for faster access.

• Implement the matrix multiplication algorithm in CUDA C/C++.

• Ensure proper memory management and synchronization between threads.

Merge two sorted arrays into a single sorted array

• Create a new array to store the merged result

• Iterate through both arrays simultaneously and compare elements

• Add the smaller element to the new array and move to the next element in that array

• Continue until all elements from both arrays are merged

Count distinct characters in a given string

• Iterate through the string and store each character in a set to ensure uniqueness

• Return the size of the set as the count of distinct characters

• Example: Input 'hello' -> Output 4 (h, e, l, o)