SMS Group Software Developer Interview Questions and Answers

C language is a high-level programming language used for developing software. Keywords are reserved words with predefined meanings.

• C language is a general-purpose programming language.

• It was developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie.

• C language is widely used for system programming and embedded systems.

• Keywords in C language cannot be used as variable names or identifiers.

• Examples of keywords in C language include ...read more

Data type in C language defines the type of data that a variable can hold.

• C language has built-in data types like int, float, char, etc.

• Data types determine the size and layout of variables in memory.

• They also define the operations that can be performed on the variables.

• For example, int can store whole numbers, float can store decimal numbers, and char can store single characters.

An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations. A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.

• Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type in a single variable.

• Pointers are used to store memory addresses and can be used to access and manipulate data indirectly.

• Example: int arr[5]; // declares an array of integers with 5 elements

• Exa...read more

An operator is a symbol or keyword used to perform operations on operands in a programming language.

• Operators are used to manipulate data and perform calculations.

• There are different types of operators such as arithmetic, assignment, comparison, logical, etc.

• Examples of operators include + (addition), = (assignment), == (equality), && (logical AND), etc.

The syntax of the C programming language is a set of rules that dictate how programs written in C should be structured and formatted.

• C programs are written using a combination of keywords, identifiers, operators, and punctuation marks.

• Statements in C are terminated with a semicolon (;).

• Blocks of code are enclosed within curly braces ({ }).

• Variables must be declared before they can be used, specifying their data type.

• Fu...read more

A string in C language is a sequence of characters stored in an array.

• Strings in C are represented as arrays of characters.

• They are terminated by a null character '\0'.

• Strings can be manipulated using various string functions like strcpy, strcat, etc.

The syntax of a string in the C language is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.

• Strings in C are represented as arrays of characters.

• Strings are null-terminated, meaning they end with a null character '\0'.

• String literals can be assigned to char arrays or pointers.

• String manipulation functions like strcpy, strcat, strlen, etc., are used to work with strings.

calloc() and malloc() are both used for dynamic memory allocation in C, but calloc() also initializes the allocated memory to zero.

• calloc() allocates memory for an array of elements and initializes them to zero.

• malloc() only allocates memory for the specified number of bytes.

• calloc() is useful when initializing arrays or structures.

• malloc() is useful when allocating memory for a single variable or a dynamically sized a

Yes, it is possible to compile a C program without main().

• A C program must have a main() function as the entry point.

• However, it is possible to compile a C program without a main() function using a different entry point.

• This can be achieved by defining a different entry point using linker options or compiler-specific attributes.

• For example, in some embedded systems, the entry point may be defined as _start() instead of

Nested structure refers to a structure within another structure in programming.

• It allows organizing data in a hierarchical manner.

• Nested structures can be used to represent complex relationships between data.

• They can be implemented using classes, structs, or objects in various programming languages.

• Example: A structure representing a person can have a nested structure representing their address.

A preprocessor is a program or tool that processes source code before it is compiled or interpreted.

• Preprocessors are commonly used in programming languages like C and C++.

• They perform tasks such as macro expansion, file inclusion, and conditional compilation.

• Examples of preprocessors include the C preprocessor (cpp) and the C++ preprocessor (cpp).

printf() is used to print formatted output to the console, while scanf() is used to read formatted input from the console.

• printf() is used to display output on the console, allowing for formatting options like specifying the number of decimal places or padding with leading zeros.

• scanf() is used to read input from the console, allowing for formatting options like reading integers, floats, or strings.

• Both functions are p...read more

The /0 character, also known as the null character, is a control character used to indicate the end of a string in C-based languages.

• It has a value of zero and is represented as '\0' in C-based languages.

• It is used to terminate strings and is typically placed at the end of a character array.

• When encountered, it signals the end of the string and any characters after it are ignored.

A function in C is declared by specifying the return type, function name, and parameters (if any).

• The return type specifies the type of value the function will return.

• The function name is used to call the function.

• Parameters are optional and specify the input values the function expects.

• Function declaration ends with a semicolon.

Dynamic Memory Allocation is the process of allocating memory at runtime for storing data.

• Dynamic Memory Allocation allows programs to allocate memory as needed during runtime.

• It helps in managing memory efficiently by allocating and deallocating memory as required.

• The syntax for dynamic memory allocation in C is using the 'malloc' function to allocate memory and 'free' function to deallocate memory.

• Example: char* str ...read more

A structure in C is a user-defined data type that allows you to combine different types of variables under a single name.

• Structures are used to represent real-world entities or concepts in programming.

• They can contain variables of different data types, including other structures.

• Structures provide a way to organize related data and improve code readability and maintainability.

• You can access the members of a structure u...read more

Yes, you can create customized header files in C.

• Customized header files in C are used to declare functions, variables, and macros that can be used across multiple source files.

• To create a customized header file, you can use the .h extension and include it in your C program using the #include directive.

• The header file should contain function prototypes, type definitions, and macro definitions.

• You can also include other...read more

Memory leak is a situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer needed, leading to memory exhaustion.

• Memory leak occurs when dynamically allocated memory is not deallocated properly.

• It can happen when a program loses the reference to allocated memory without freeing it.

• Memory leaks can gradually consume all available memory, causing the program to crash or slow down.

• Common causes include forgetting...read more

Static local variables are variables declared inside a function that retain their value between function calls.

• Static local variables are initialized only once, and their value persists across multiple function calls.

• They are useful for maintaining state information within a function.

• Static local variables have a local scope and are not accessible outside the function.

• They can be used to count the number of times a fun...read more

The statement X=X+1/X++ is not efficient.

• The use of post-increment operator (X++) can lead to unpredictable behavior and make the code harder to understand.

• The division operation (1/X) can result in a runtime error if X is 0.

• The statement can be rewritten in a more efficient and readable way.

Typecasting is the process of converting one data type into another in programming.

• Typecasting allows programmers to change the data type of a variable.

• It can be done implicitly or explicitly.

• Implicit typecasting is automatic and occurs when a value of one data type is assigned to a variable of another data type.

• Explicit typecasting is done manually using casting operators.

• Examples of typecasting include converting an

A C program to print 'Hello, World!'

• Use the 'printf' function from the 'stdio.h' library to print the message

• Include the 'stdio.h' header file at the beginning of the program

• Use the 'int' return type for the main function

• End the program with a 'return 0' statement

C is a powerful and widely used programming language known for its efficiency and low-level control.

• C is a procedural language with a simple syntax and a rich set of built-in functions.

• It allows direct memory manipulation and provides low-level access to hardware.

• C supports modular programming with the use of functions and libraries.

• It is highly portable and can be used to develop software for various platforms.

• C is co...read more

OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects that interact with each other.

• OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming.

• It focuses on creating objects that have properties and methods to interact with each other.

• Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction are the four main pillars of OOPs.

• Examples of OOPs languages are Java, C++, Python, etc.

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they are of the same class.

• It is achieved through method overriding and method overloading.

• Example: A parent class Animal can have child classes like Dog, Cat, and Cow, each with their own implementation of the method 'makeSound'.

• Polymorphism makes code more flexible and reusable.

Encapsulation is the process of hiding implementation details and restricting access to an object's properties and methods.

• Encapsulation helps in achieving data abstraction and security.

• It allows for better control over the data and prevents unwanted changes.

• Access to the object's properties and methods is restricted through access modifiers such as public, private, and protected.

• For example, a class may have private v...read more

Abstraction is the process of hiding complex implementation details and exposing only the necessary information.

• Abstraction is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming.

• It helps in reducing complexity and improving the maintainability of code.

• Abstraction can be achieved through interfaces, abstract classes, and encapsulation.

• For example, a car can be abstracted as a machine with wheels, engine, and steering.

• ...read more

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they are of the same class.

• It is achieved through method overriding and method overloading.

• Examples include function overloading, operator overloading, and inheritance.

• Polymorphism helps in achieving loose coupling and flexibility in code design.

OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming. It is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects.

• OOPs focuses on creating reusable code and organizing it into objects.

• It involves encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

• Encapsulation is the process of hiding implementation details and exposing only necessary information.

• Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class.

• Polymor...read more

An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources.

• It acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware.

• It provides services such as memory management, process management, and device management.

• Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.

• It allows multiple applications to run simultaneously.

• It provides security features such as user authentication and access co

Access matrix is a security model that defines access rights of subjects to objects.

• Access matrix is a table that lists all subjects and objects and their corresponding access rights.

• It is used to control access to resources in a computer system.

• Access matrix can be implemented using access control lists (ACLs) or capabilities.

• It helps in enforcing the principle of least privilege.

• Example: A user can have read-only acc...read more

Real-time system is a computer system that processes data as it is received and provides immediate response.

• Real-time systems are used in applications where timely response is critical.

• They are designed to process data in real-time without any delay.

• Examples include air traffic control systems, stock trading systems, and medical monitoring systems.

Multi-programming is the ability of a computer to execute multiple programs simultaneously.

• Allows for efficient use of CPU time

• Requires memory management techniques such as swapping and paging

• Examples include time-sharing systems and batch processing systems

Multitasking is the ability of a system to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

• Multitasking allows a system to switch between tasks quickly and efficiently.

• It can be achieved through hardware or software.

• Examples include running multiple applications on a computer or phone, or listening to music while working on a document.

• Multitasking can improve productivity and efficiency, but can also lead to decreased performanc