Nu10 Technologies Technical Lead Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. Experience on huge infrastructure, how to make decisions of scaling, performance and availability?
Ans. 
Scaling, performance, and availability decisions on huge infrastructure require a data-driven approach.
• Analyze data on usage, traffic, and resource utilization to identify bottlenecks and areas for improvement.

• Consider the impact of scaling on cost, user experience, and maintenance.

• Implement monitoring and alerting systems to quickly identify and address issues.

• Use load testing and performance profiling to optimize sys...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Technical interview round with questions based on DSA.

Q1. 
Binary Tree Traversals
Your task is to compute the In-Order, Pre-Order, and Post-Order traversals for a given Binary Tree with 'N' nodes, where each node has an integer value.
Input:
T
For each test cas...read more
Ans. 
Compute In-Order, Pre-Order, and Post-Order traversals for a given Binary Tree with 'N' nodes.
• Implement tree traversal algorithms: In-Order, Pre-Order, and Post-Order.

• Use recursion to traverse the binary tree efficiently.

• Handle null nodes represented by -1 in the input.

• Follow the order of nodes as they appear in the level order traversal.

• Ensure the output is space-separated lists for each traversal type.
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Q2. 
LRU Cache Design Question
Design a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:
1. get(key) - Return the value of the key if it exists in the cache; otherw...read more
Ans. 
Design a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache data structure that supports get and put operations with capacity constraint.
• Use a combination of hashmap and doubly linked list to implement the LRU cache.

• Keep track of the least recently used item and update it accordingly.

• Ensure to handle cache capacity by evicting the least recently used item when the cache is full.
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Technical Interview round with questions on DSA, OS etc.

Q1. 
Number of Islands II Problem Statement
You have a 2D grid of dimensions 'N' rows by 'M' columns, initially filled with water. You are given 'Q' queries, where each query contains two integers 'X' and 'Y'....read more
Ans. 
The task is to determine the number of islands present on a 2D grid after each query of converting water to land.
• Create a function that takes the grid dimensions, queries, and coordinates as input.

• For each query, convert the water at the given coordinates to land and update the grid.

• Use depth-first search (DFS) to find connected lands and count the number of islands.

• Return the number of islands after each query.
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Q2. Why are synchronized blocks needed in Java?
Ans. 
Synchronized blocks are needed in Java to ensure thread safety by allowing only one thread to access a block of code at a time.
• Prevents multiple threads from accessing critical sections of code simultaneously

• Ensures data consistency and prevents race conditions

• Improves performance by reducing contention for shared resources

• Example: synchronized block in a method that updates a shared variable
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Round duration - 90 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

This test has 2 sections :
Section 1 ( Technical objective questions) 
– 25 mcq’s mainly focusing on c , c++ , os , data structures , algorithms
Section 2 ( 2 Coding questions )
– Code was supposed to be written on paper.

Q1. 
Next Greater Number Problem Statement
Given a string S which represents a number, determine the smallest number strictly greater than the original number composed of the same digits. Each digit's frequenc...read more
Ans. 
Given a number represented as a string, find the smallest number greater than the original with the same set of digits.
• Sort the digits in non-increasing order to find the next greater number.

• Swap the last two digits to get the smallest greater number.

• If no greater number exists, return -1.
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Q2. 
Reverse Words in a String: Problem Statement
You are given a string of length N. Your task is to reverse the string word by word. The input may contain multiple spaces between words and may have leading o...read more
Ans. 
Reverse words in a string by reversing the order of words while maintaining spaces.
• Split the input string by spaces to get individual words

• Reverse the order of the words

• Join the reversed words with a single space in between
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

First round of interview was based on basic data structures. Concepts related to binary search tree , uses and comparing complexity were asked. He also asked about Hashing , Collisions.

Q1. 
K Largest Elements Problem Statement
Given an unsorted array containing 'N' integers, you are required to find 'K' largest elements from the array and return them in non-decreasing order.
Input:
The fir...read more
Ans. 
Find K largest elements in an unsorted array and return them in non-decreasing order.
• Sort the array in non-decreasing order

• Return the last K elements of the sorted array
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

The interview started with a programming question. Then he asked me a puzzle. There was a small discussion about my projects then .Then he started asking questions about operating system. The interviewer wanted to test my understanding about semaphores and asked some tricky and confusing questions .

Q1. 
Level Order Traversal Problem Statement
Given a binary tree of integers, return the level order traversal of the binary tree.
Input:
The first line contains an integer 'T', representing the number of te...read more
Ans. 
Return the level order traversal of a binary tree given in level order with null nodes represented by -1.
• Parse the input to create the binary tree using level order traversal

• Use a queue to perform level order traversal and print the nodes in the order visited

• Handle null nodes represented by -1 appropriately
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Q2. Explain the Producer-Consumer problem and how it can be solved using semaphores.
Ans. 
Producer-Consumer problem involves multiple threads sharing a common buffer. Producers add items to the buffer while consumers remove them.
• Producers and consumers need to synchronize their access to the shared buffer to avoid race conditions.

• Semaphores can be used to control access to the buffer. Two semaphores are used - one to track the empty slots in the buffer and one to track the filled slots.

• Producers increment t...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Technical Interview round with questions based on DSA.

Q1. 
Peak Element Finder
For a given array of integers arr, identify the peak element. A peak element is an element that is greater than its neighboring elements. Specifically, if arr[i] is the peak, then both...read more
Ans. 
Find the peak element in an array of integers.
• Iterate through the array and check if the current element is greater than its neighbors.

• Handle edge cases for the first and last elements of the array.

• Return the peak element found.
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

This round was a telephonic interview with the CTO of the company. The he started with a small discussion about my projects and research paper .He then moved on to data structures and asked me how to choose a relevant data structure for a given problem. I gave him advantages of every data structure and certain problems where specific data structures could be useful .Then he gave a question and asked me for what data structure should be used keeping time complexity in mind. He asked me a few HR questions in the end .

Q1. 
Average Marks Problem Statement
Given the initial letter of a student's name and three integer marks for that student, calculate and display the student's initial letter followed by the integer part of th...read more
Ans. 
Calculate and display the student's initial letter followed by the integer part of their average marks.
• Calculate the average of the three marks provided for each student.

• Display the initial letter of the student's name followed by the integer part of the average marks.

• Round down the average to the nearest integer to get the integer part.
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Technical Interview round with questions on DSA.

Q1. 
Running Median Problem
Given a stream of integers, calculate and print the median after each new integer is added to the stream.
Output only the integer part of the median.
Example:
Input:
N = 5  
Stre...read more
Ans. 
Calculate and print the median after each new integer is added to the stream.
• Use two heaps - a max heap to store the smaller half of the numbers and a min heap to store the larger half.

• Keep the sizes of the two heaps balanced to efficiently calculate the median.

• If the total number of elements is odd, the median will be the top element of the max heap.

• If the total number of elements is even, the median will be the avera
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Q2. 
Pair Sum in Binary Search Tree
Given a Binary Search Tree (BST) and a target value 'K', determine if there exist two unique elements in the BST such that their sum equals the target 'K'.
Explanation:
A ...read more
Ans. 
Given a BST and a target value, determine if there exist two unique elements in the BST such that their sum equals the target.
• Traverse the BST in-order to get a sorted array of elements.

• Use two pointers approach to find the pair sum in the sorted array.

• Keep track of visited elements to ensure uniqueness.

• Handle edge cases like null nodes and empty tree.

• Example: For input BST [20, 10, 35, 5, 15, 30, 42, -1, 13, -1, -1, -
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Q3. 
Statistics From A Large Sample Task
Calculate various statistical measures given a large sample of integers in the range [0, 255]. For efficiency, you are provided with an array 'count' where the i-th ele...read more
Ans. 
Calculate various statistical measures given a large sample of integers in the range [0, 255] using the provided frequency array.
• Iterate through the 'count' array to calculate minimum and maximum values.

• Calculate the mean by summing up all values and dividing by the total count.

• Find the median by sorting the sample and determining the middle element(s).

• Identify the mode by finding the element with the highest frequency...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Technical Interview round with questions on DSA. A puzzle was also asked.

Q1. 
LRU Cache Design Question
Design a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:
1. get(key) - Return the value of the key if it exists in the cache; otherw...read more
Ans. 
Design a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache data structure that supports get and put operations with capacity constraint.
• Use a combination of hashmap and doubly linked list to efficiently implement the LRU cache.

• Keep track of the least recently used item and update it accordingly when inserting new items.

• Ensure to handle the capacity constraint by evicting the least recently used item when the cache is full.
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Q2. 
Sorting of a Rotated Sorted Array Problem Statement
You are provided with a rotated sorted array of size N. Your task is to sort the given array in increasing order.
Example:
Input:
N = 4
Array = [2, 3,...read more
Ans. 
Implement a function to sort a rotated sorted array in increasing order without using the sort() function.
• Find the pivot element in the rotated sorted array.

• Split the array into two subarrays based on the pivot element.

• Sort each subarray separately.

• Merge the sorted subarrays to get the final sorted array.
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Q3. You have 5 pirates and 100 gold coins. The challenge is to determine how the pirates will divide the coins among themselves based on their ranking and the rules they follow.
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Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

HR round with typical behavioral problems.

Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Technical round with questions based on DSA were discussed.

Q1. 
Ninja and Sorted Array Merging Problem
Ninja is tasked with merging two given sorted integer arrays ARR1 and ARR2 of sizes 'M' and 'N', respectively, such that the merged result is a single sorted array w...read more
Ans. 
Merge two sorted arrays into one sorted array within the first array.
• Create a pointer for the last index of ARR1 and ARR2 to start merging from the end.

• Compare elements from both arrays and place the larger element at the end of ARR1.

• Continue this process until all elements are merged in sorted order within ARR1.
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Q2. 
Reverse Alternate Levels of a Perfect Binary Tree Problem Statement
Given a perfect binary tree consisting of 'N' nodes, reverse the nodes at alternate levels in the tree (i.e., reverse level 2, level 4, ...read more
Ans. 
Reverse alternate levels of a perfect binary tree by reversing nodes at even levels starting from level 2.
• Traverse the tree in level order and store nodes at even levels in a separate list.

• Reverse the list of nodes at even levels.

• Update the tree with the reversed nodes at even levels.

• Repeat the process for alternate levels starting from level 2.
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Technical round with questions based on OS, Java were discussed.

Q1. What are the characteristics of distributed file systems?
Ans. 
Characteristics of distributed file systems include scalability, fault tolerance, and data replication.
• Scalability: Distributed file systems can easily scale to accommodate a large amount of data and users.

• Fault tolerance: They are designed to continue functioning even if some components fail, ensuring high availability.

• Data replication: Data is often replicated across multiple nodes to ensure reliability and performan...read more
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Q2. Design a file sharing mechanism between two users.
Ans. 
Design a file sharing mechanism between two users.
• Implement a secure login system for both users.

• Allow users to upload files to a shared server.

• Provide a way for users to view and download files shared by the other user.

• Implement access control to ensure only authorized users can access the shared files.
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Q3. What is ConcurrentHashMap in Java?
Ans. 
ConcurrentHashMap is a thread-safe implementation of the Map interface in Java.
• ConcurrentHashMap allows multiple threads to read and write to the map concurrently without causing any issues like deadlocks or data corruption.

• It achieves thread-safety by dividing the map into segments, each of which can be locked independently.

• ConcurrentHashMap is more efficient than using synchronized maps for concurrent access.

• Example:...read more
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Q4. How do you analyze the usage history of an application?
Ans. 
Analyzing usage history involves tracking user interactions, patterns, and trends to improve application performance.
• Collect and store user interaction data such as clicks, page views, and time spent on each feature.

• Use analytics tools to generate reports and visualize usage patterns.

• Identify popular features, user preferences, and areas for improvement based on usage data.

• Implement A/B testing to compare different ver...read more
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Round duration - 50 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

First round was a basic javascript problem-solving round. The interviewer judged my grasp on fundamental javascript concepts like objects, closures, polyfills, etc. It was during the afternoon and was conducted on google meet and leetcode playground.
The interviewer was very calm. I was first asked some general questions like why I'm applying for this role and what are the projects I've done.

Q1. 
Search in a Row-wise and Column-wise Sorted Matrix Problem Statement
You are given an N * N matrix of integers where each row and each column is sorted in increasing order. Your task is to find the positi...read more
Ans. 
This question asks to find the position of a target integer in a row-wise and column-wise sorted matrix.
• Iterate through each row and column of the matrix

• Compare the target integer with the current element

• If the target integer is found, return the position as {i, j}

• If the target integer is not found, return {-1, -1}
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Round duration - 40 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

One DSA Question along with some javascript questions were asked like hoisting, difference between JSX and Javascript etc.

Q1. 
Trapping Rain Water Problem Statement
You are given a long type array/list ARR of size N, representing an elevation map. The value ARR[i] denotes the elevation of the ith bar. Your task is to determine th...read more
Ans. 
The question asks to find the total amount of rainwater that can be trapped in the given elevation map.
• Iterate through the array and find the maximum height on the left and right of each bar.

• Calculate the amount of water that can be trapped at each bar by taking the minimum of the maximum heights on the left and right.

• Sum up the trapped water for all bars and return the total amount.
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Round duration - 45 Minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

It was a DSA round where I was asked 2 coding questions and optimised approaches for both.

Q1. 
Ninja and His Meetings Problem Statement
Ninja has started a new startup with a single conference room available for meetings. Given an array/list MEETINGS of consecutive appointment requests, Ninja must ...read more
Ans. 
Find the maximum total booked minutes possible in a conference room for all meetings with a 15-minute break between meetings.
• Iterate through the list of meeting durations and calculate the maximum total booked minutes considering the 15-minute break constraint.

• Keep track of the total booked minutes and skip consecutive meetings that violate the break constraint.

• Return the maximum total booked minutes for each test case
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Q2. 
Trapping Rain Water II Problem Statement
Given an M * N matrix where each cell's value represents its height in a 2-D elevation map, calculate the total volume of water that can be trapped after rainfall.
...read more
Ans. 
Calculate the total volume of water that can be trapped in a 2-D elevation map after rainfall.
• Iterate through each cell in the matrix and calculate the trapped water based on the surrounding heights.

• Use a stack or queue to keep track of the cells to be processed.

• Consider edge cases such as when the matrix is empty or has only one row or column.
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Round duration - 45 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

It was more of discussion around my projects and resume. Also asked some questions related to me. What are your hobbies? Willing to relocate?

Q1. 
Smallest Subarray With K Distinct Elements
Given an array A consisting of N integers, your task is to find the smallest subarray of A that contains exactly K distinct integers.
If multiple such subarrays...read more
Ans. 
Find the smallest subarray with exactly K distinct elements in an array.
• Use a sliding window approach to keep track of the subarray with K distinct elements.

• Maintain a hashmap to count the frequency of each element in the window.

• Update the window size based on the number of distinct elements.

• Return the smallest subarray with K distinct elements.
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