80+ NSE.IT Interview Questions and Answers

OOPS concepts are the fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming. There are four pillars of OOPS concepts.

• Encapsulation - binding data and functions together in a single unit (class).

• Abstraction - hiding implementation details and showing only necessary information to the user.

• Inheritance - creating a new class from an existing class, inheriting properties and methods.

• Polymorphism - ability of an object to take many forms, method overloading and overriding.

Python is used for its simplicity, readability, versatility, and extensive libraries.

• Python is used for its simplicity and readability, making it easy to learn and use.

• Python is versatile and can be used for various applications such as web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, etc.

• Python has a large standard library and third-party libraries that make development faster and easier.

• Python supports multiple programming paradigms like object-oriented, functional,...read more

Collections in Java are classes that implement data structures like lists, sets, maps, etc.

• Collections are used to store and manipulate groups of objects

• List interface is used to store ordered elements, ArrayList and LinkedList are implementations of List

• Set interface is used to store unique elements, HashSet and TreeSet are implementations of Set

• Map interface is used to store key-value pairs, HashMap and TreeMap are implementations of Map

• Collections class provides utility me...read more

Multi-threading is a technique of executing multiple threads concurrently. New threads can be started using the Thread class. Synchronization is the process of controlling the access to shared resources by multiple threads.

• Multi-threading allows multiple threads to run concurrently, improving performance.

• New threads can be started by creating a new instance of the Thread class and calling its start() method.

• Synchronization is used to prevent multiple threads from accessing sh...read more

Joins are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column.

• Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables.

• Left join returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.

• Right join returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.

• Full outer join returns all rows from both tables.

• Cross join returns the Cartesian product of both tables.

Bug life cycle refers to the stages a bug goes through from discovery to resolution.

• Bug is reported by tester

• Bug is assigned to developer

• Developer fixes the bug

• Bug is retested by tester

• Bug is closed if it passes retesting or reopened if it still exists

There are three types of JDBC statements: Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement.

• Statement: used for executing a static SQL statement

• PreparedStatement: used for executing a precompiled SQL statement with parameters

• CallableStatement: used for executing a stored procedure or function

Linux commands are used to interact with the operating system and perform various tasks.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• mkdir - make directory

• rm - remove file or directory

• cp - copy file or directory

• mv - move or rename file or directory

• grep - search for a pattern in a file

• chmod - change file permissions

• sudo - execute a command as superuser

• apt-get - package manager for Debian-based systems

Encapsulation is hiding the implementation details while abstraction is hiding the complexity of the system.

• Encapsulation is achieved through access modifiers like private, protected, and public.

• Abstraction is achieved through abstract classes and interfaces.

• Encapsulation is used to protect the data from outside interference.

• Abstraction is used to provide a simplified view of the system.

• Encapsulation is a way to achieve information hiding.

• Abstraction is a way to achieve modul...read more

IOC container is a software component that manages the dependencies between objects.

• IOC stands for Inversion of Control

• It is used to achieve loose coupling between objects

• It allows objects to be created and wired together at runtime

• Examples include Spring Framework's ApplicationContext and Google Guice's Injector

• IOC containers use dependency injection to provide objects with their dependencies

There are various types of testing including functional, performance, security, usability, and compatibility testing.

• Functional testing ensures that the software meets the specified requirements.

• Performance testing evaluates the system's responsiveness, scalability, and stability under different workloads.

• Security testing identifies vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the software to protect against unauthorized access.

• Usability testing focuses on the user experience and interf...read more

Copying files in Linux involves using the 'cp' command.

• Use the 'cp' command followed by the source file and destination directory to copy a file.

• If you want to keep the same file name, specify the destination directory only.

• To copy a file with a new name, provide the new name as the destination.

• You can also copy multiple files by providing multiple source files and a destination directory.

• Use the '-r' option to copy directories recursively.

To show aggregation on whole data row by row in SQL, you can use the OVER() function with appropriate window specification.

• Use the OVER() function to perform aggregation on the entire data set

• Specify the window specification to define the scope of aggregation

• Add the aggregated result as a new column in the existing table

• Example: SELECT *, SUM(sales) OVER() AS total_sales FROM table_name

Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix. It is free to use and highly customizable.

• Linux is a kernel that manages hardware resources and provides services to applications

• It is highly customizable and can be modified to suit specific needs

• Linux is open-source, meaning its source code is freely available for anyone to use and modify

• It is widely used in servers, supercomputers, and embedded systems

• Examples of popular Linux distributions include Ubuntu, Debian, and...read more

The role of a tester in software testing is to ensure the quality and functionality of the software.

• Identifying and documenting test requirements

• Creating test cases and test scenarios

• Executing test cases and reporting defects

• Performing regression testing

• Collaborating with developers and stakeholders

• Analyzing test results and providing feedback

• Participating in test planning and strategy

• Using various testing techniques and tools

• Ensuring adherence to quality standards and proces...read more

Joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

• Types of joins include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN

• INNER JOIN returns rows when there is at least one match in both tables

• LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table

• RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the right table and the matched rows from the left table

• FULL JOIN returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables

A cursor is a database object used to retrieve data from a result set one row at a time.

• Types of cursors: Forward-only, Static, Dynamic, Keyset-driven

• Forward-only cursor: Can only move forward through the result set

• Static cursor: Shows a snapshot of the data at the time the cursor was opened

• Dynamic cursor: Reflects changes made to the data while the cursor is open

• Keyset-driven cursor: Uses a unique identifier to fetch rows

A project is deployed by following a series of steps to ensure its successful implementation.

• The project deployment process involves planning, testing, and executing the deployment plan.

• The deployment plan includes tasks such as configuring the system, installing necessary software, and migrating data.

• Deployment can be done manually or through automated tools.

• Testing is crucial to identify and resolve any issues or bugs before the project goes live.

• Once the deployment is comp...read more

Payment gateway testing is the process of verifying the functionality, security, and reliability of a payment gateway system.

• Testing the payment gateway integration with various payment methods

• Verifying the transaction flow from initiation to completion

• Testing the handling of different types of payment failures

• Ensuring the security of sensitive customer data

• Validating the response codes and error messages

• Testing the refund and cancellation processes

• Verifying the compatibility...read more

Crowd management requires proper planning and execution.

• Design a clear and organized layout of the exam center to avoid confusion.

• Assign specific entry and exit points to manage the flow of candidates.

• Train and deploy sufficient staff to monitor and guide candidates.

• Communicate rules and regulations clearly to avoid chaos.

• Use technology like CCTV cameras and metal detectors for security purposes.

• Arrange for proper seating and ventilation to ensure candidate comfort.

• Have a con...read more

Yes, I have knowledge about hardware networking.

• I am familiar with different types of network devices such as routers, switches, hubs, and modems.

• I understand the basics of network topologies and protocols.

• I have experience in configuring and troubleshooting network issues.

• I am aware of the importance of network security and have knowledge of firewalls and other security measures.

• I have worked with different operating systems and understand how they interact with network devi...read more

Streams in Java 8 provide a way to process collections of objects in a functional style.

• Streams are sequences of elements that support various methods to perform aggregate operations.

• They can be created from collections, arrays, or generate elements on the fly.

• Common operations on streams include map, filter, reduce, and collect.

• Streams can be sequential or parallel, allowing for efficient processing of large datasets.

• Example: List names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charl...read more

Negative testing is a software testing technique where inputs are intentionally provided to the system to produce errors or failures.

• Negative testing is performed to ensure that the system can handle invalid or unexpected inputs gracefully.

• It involves testing the system with invalid data, incorrect configurations, and boundary conditions.

• The goal of negative testing is to identify vulnerabilities, error handling capabilities, and system stability.

• Examples of negative testing ...read more

To make a bootable pen drive through DOS command, you can use the 'diskpart' utility.

• Open Command Prompt as administrator

• Type 'diskpart' and press Enter

• Type 'list disk' to display all connected disks

• Identify your USB drive based on its size

• Select the USB drive by typing 'select disk X' (replace X with the disk number)

• Clean the USB drive by typing 'clean'

• Create a new primary partition by typing 'create partition primary'

• Select the partition by typing 'select partition 1'

• Format...read more

Exception handling is a programming concept that deals with errors or exceptional situations in a program.

• It is a mechanism to handle runtime errors in a program.

• Exceptions are thrown when an error occurs and can be caught and handled by the program.

• It helps in maintaining the flow of the program even when errors occur.

• Examples include try-catch blocks in Java or try-except blocks in Python.

ALL function in DAX returns all the rows in a table, or all the values in a column, ignoring any filters that might have been applied.

• ALL function can be used to remove filters from a table or column.

• It can also be used to remove filters from a specific column in a table.

• ALL function can be combined with other functions like CALCULATE to perform complex calculations.

• Example: CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Amount]), ALL(Sales[Product])) will return the total sales amount for all products...read more

ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) is a set of best practices for IT service management.

• ITIL is a framework that outlines best practices for IT service management.

• It focuses on aligning IT services with the needs of the business.

• ITIL defines processes for service design, transition, operation, and continual improvement.

• A service in ITIL is a means of delivering value to customers by facilitating outcomes customers want to achieve without the ownership of spe...read more

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language, while C++ is a low-level, procedural programming language.

• Java is platform-independent, while C++ is platform-dependent.

• Java uses automatic garbage collection, while C++ requires manual memory management.

• Java has a simpler syntax compared to C++.

• Java does not support pointers, while C++ does.

• Java is more secure due to its bytecode verification process.

• Java is used for web development, mobile apps, and enterprise appl...read more

Java is a programming language. Collection is a framework for storing and manipulating data. Applet is a program that runs within a web browser. Overloading is a way to define multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. Constructor is a special method used to initialize objects.

• Java is an object-oriented programming language

• Collection is a framework that provides interfaces and classes for storing and manipulating groups of objects

• Applet is a program that ru...read more

To insert maximum IP addresses in one LAN card, use subnetting to divide the IP address range into smaller subnets.

• Use subnetting to divide the IP address range into smaller subnets

• Assign each subnet to a different device on the LAN

• Use CIDR notation to specify the subnet mask

• Configure the LAN card with the appropriate IP address and subnet mask

Handling work pressure requires effective time management, prioritization, delegation, and stress management techniques.

• Create a to-do list and prioritize tasks based on urgency and importance

• Delegate tasks to team members to reduce workload

• Take breaks and practice stress management techniques like deep breathing and meditation

• Set realistic goals and deadlines to avoid feeling overwhelmed

• Communicate with colleagues and superiors about workload and seek support if needed

To troubleshoot issues in a Windows machine, follow these steps:

• Check for updates and install them

• Run a virus scan

• Check for disk errors using chkdsk

• Use System Restore to revert to a previous state

• Uninstall recently installed software

• Check for hardware issues

• Use Event Viewer to identify the problem

• Restart the machine

STLC stands for Software Testing Life Cycle.

• STLC is a systematic approach to testing software applications.

• It consists of various phases such as requirement analysis, test planning, test design, test execution, and test closure.

• Each phase has specific objectives and deliverables.

• STLC ensures that the software is thoroughly tested and meets the quality standards.

• It helps in identifying defects early in the development cycle, reducing the cost of fixing them later.

• STLC is an in...read more

Functions return a single value while stored procedures execute a set of SQL statements.

• Functions are used to perform calculations and return a single value while stored procedures are used to execute a set of SQL statements.

• Functions can be used in SELECT, WHERE, and HAVING clauses while stored procedures cannot.

• Functions can be called from within stored procedures while stored procedures cannot be called from within functions.

• Functions cannot modify the database while store...read more

I have worked on various tools including JIRA, Trello, MS Excel, Power BI, and Google Analytics.

• JIRA for project management and issue tracking

• Trello for task management and collaboration

• MS Excel for data analysis and reporting

• Power BI for data visualization and business intelligence

• Google Analytics for web analytics and tracking

Class A, Class B, and Class C IP addresses are different classes of IP addresses used for network identification and addressing.

• Class A IP addresses have a range from 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255, with the first octet being the network portion.

• Class B IP addresses have a range from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255, with the first two octets being the network portion.

• Class C IP addresses have a range from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255, with the first three octets being the network po...read more

Yes, I am well versed with SQL.

• I have experience in writing complex SQL queries.

• I am proficient in using SQL for data analysis and reporting.

• I have worked with various relational databases such as MySQL, Oracle, and SQL Server.

• I am familiar with database design and normalization principles.

• I have used SQL for data manipulation and data integration tasks.

Yes, I am always willing to learn new technologies to stay up-to-date and improve my skills.

• I regularly attend tech conferences and workshops to learn about new technologies.

• I read tech blogs and articles to stay informed about the latest trends.

• I am open to taking online courses or certifications to learn new skills.

• For example, I recently learned ReactJS to improve my front-end development skills.

Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules governing the format of data sent over the internet.

• Internet Protocol (IP) is a fundamental protocol that enables communication across the internet.

• It provides a unique address for each device connected to the internet, known as an IP address.

• IP ensures that data packets are routed correctly from the source to the destination.

• There are two versions of IP currently in use: IPv4 and IPv6.

• IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, while IPv6 addres...read more

Find occurrence of a character in a string

• Iterate through each character in the string and count occurrences

• Use a hashmap to store character counts for efficient lookup

• Handle both uppercase and lowercase characters separately

I have worked on various projects including system integration, software development, and data analysis.

• Developed a web-based inventory management system using Java and MySQL

• Implemented data visualization tools for analyzing sales trends using Python and Tableau

• Collaborated with cross-functional teams to integrate new software solutions into existing systems

An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to every device connected to the internet.

• IP stands for Internet Protocol

• It consists of four sets of numbers separated by dots

• There are two types of IP addresses - IPv4 and IPv6

• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and IPv6 addresses are 128-bit

• Example of IPv4 address: 192.168.0.1

• Example of IPv6 address: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

RJ-45 and RJ-11 connectors differ in the number of pins and the OSI layer they operate on.

• RJ-45 has 8 pins while RJ-11 has 4 or 6 pins.

• RJ-45 operates on the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model.

• RJ-11 operates on the Physical layer of the OSI model.

• RJ-45 is used for Ethernet connections while RJ-11 is used for telephone connections.

TCP/IP is a set of protocols used for communication between devices on the internet. Process making node refers to a node that initiates a communication process.

• TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols used for internet communication

• It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

• TCP is responsible for ensuring reliable transmission of data while IP is responsible for routing the data to its destination

• Process making node refers to a node that initiates a com...read more

IP stands for Internet Protocol, a set of rules governing the format of data sent over the internet.

• IP is used to identify and locate devices on a network

• It is used for routing data packets between devices

• Examples include IPv4 and IPv6

Class A, B, and C IP addresses are used to identify devices on a network based on their range of numbers.

• Class A IP addresses range from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 and are used for large networks.

• Class B IP addresses range from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 and are used for medium-sized networks.

• Class C IP addresses range from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 and are used for small networks.

• The first number in an IP address determines its class.

• For example, 10.0.0.0 is a Class A IP address, w...read more

I am neither a GM reference nor a relative.

• I have no personal or professional connection with any GM reference or relative.

• My qualifications and experience are solely based on my own merit and hard work.

• I believe in fair and unbiased hiring practices.

• I am confident that I can perform the duties of an Operation Manager to the best of my abilities.

Static keyword is used in programming to declare variables, methods, or classes that belong to the class itself rather than instances of the class.

• Used to create class variables and methods that can be accessed without creating an instance of the class

• Static variables are shared among all instances of a class

• Static methods can be called without creating an object of the class

• Static keyword can also be used to create a static class, which cannot be instantiated

Yes, I have worked on multiple Java projects.

• Developed a web application using Spring framework

• Created a desktop application using JavaFX

• Implemented RESTful APIs using Jersey framework

• Worked on a project that involved integrating Java with MongoDB

• Developed a chatbot using Dialogflow and Java

To solve not reproducible issue, identify the root cause, gather data, and test solutions.

• Identify the specific issue and gather data on when and how it occurs

• Analyze the data to determine the root cause of the issue

• Develop and test potential solutions to address the root cause

• Implement the solution and monitor to ensure the issue does not reoccur

To get backup CCTV footage, access the DVR system and locate the specific date and time of the footage needed.

• Access the DVR system using the admin credentials

• Locate the specific date and time of the footage needed

• Export the footage to a USB drive or external storage device

• Ensure that the backup process is completed successfully

I have a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and enjoy coding, problem-solving, and learning new technologies.

• Bachelor's degree in Computer Science

• Proficient in coding and problem-solving

• Passionate about learning new technologies

• Experience with programming languages such as Java, Python, and C++

SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them. Shell scripting is a way to automate tasks using command line scripts.

• SQL joins are used to retrieve data from multiple tables based on a related column

• Common types of SQL joins include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN

• Shell scripting involves writing scripts to automate tasks using command line commands

• Shell scripts can be used to perform repetitive tasks, automa...read more

To make a bootable pendrive, use a tool like Rufus or Windows Media Creation Tool.

• Download and install a bootable USB tool like Rufus or Windows Media Creation Tool

• Insert the USB drive and select it in the tool

• Select the ISO file or operating system you want to make bootable

• Click on the 'Start' button and wait for the process to complete

• Once done, restart your computer and boot from the USB drive

An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices on a network. IP class ranges determine the size of the network.

• IP address stands for Internet Protocol address

• It is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a network

• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and IPv6 addresses are 128-bit

• IP class ranges determine the number of networks and hosts within a network

• Class A ranges from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0

• Class B ranges from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0

• Class C ranges from 192.0.0...read more

File sharing can be done through various methods.

• One can use cloud storage services like Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.

• File transfer protocols like FTP, SFTP, etc. can be used.

• Peer-to-peer file sharing can be done through applications like BitTorrent.

• File sharing can also be done through network file sharing services like SMB, NFS, etc.

To set a static IP, go to network settings and manually enter the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.

• Open Network and Sharing Center

• Click on Change adapter settings

• Right-click on the network adapter and select Properties

• Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties

• Select 'Use the following IP address' and enter the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server

• Click OK to save the changes

To configure a router, access its web interface and enter the necessary settings.

• Connect to the router's network

• Open a web browser and enter the router's IP address

• Enter the login credentials

• Navigate to the settings page and configure as needed

• Save the changes and restart the router if necessary

My expectation for CTC is based on my experience, skills, market standards, and the responsibilities of the role.

• Consider my years of experience in Java development

• Research market standards for Java developers in the current location

• Factor in the responsibilities and requirements of the specific role

• Be open to negotiation based on additional benefits or perks

Workgroup is a peer-to-peer network while domain is a centralized network managed by a domain controller.

• Workgroup is suitable for small networks while domain is suitable for large networks.

• In workgroup, each computer has its own user accounts while in domain, user accounts are managed centrally.

• Domain provides better security and easier management of resources.

• Workgroup does not have a centralized authentication system while domain has a domain controller for authentication....read more

I have 3 years of experience in administering online examinations.

• Managed the entire online examination process, including registration, scheduling, and result declaration.

• Ensured the smooth functioning of the online examination platform and resolved technical issues faced by candidates.

• Implemented security measures to prevent cheating and maintain the integrity of the examination.

• Collaborated with subject matter experts to develop and review examination content.

• Analyzed exam...read more

A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, and other devices connected to one another to share data and resources.

• A network allows devices to communicate with each other, share resources, and access the internet.

• Types of networks include LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), and WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network).

• Common network devices include routers, switches, modems, and access points.

• Examples of networks include the internet...read more

CPP is a statically typed language with manual memory management, while Java is a dynamically typed language with automatic memory management.

• CPP is a statically typed language, while Java is a dynamically typed language

• CPP requires manual memory management, while Java has automatic memory management (garbage collection)

• CPP is compiled directly to machine code, while Java is compiled to bytecode and runs on a virtual machine (JVM)

• CPP supports multiple inheritance, while Java ...read more

Networking is the practice of making and using contacts to exchange information and develop professional or social contacts.

• Networking involves building relationships with people in your industry or field.

• It can help you gain new opportunities, such as job leads or business partnerships.

• Networking can also provide support, advice, and mentorship from others who have more experience.

• Examples of networking include attending industry events, joining professional organizations, a...read more

IP addresses can be assigned manually or automatically using DHCP.

• To assign an IP address manually, go to network settings and enter the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.

• To assign an IP address automatically, enable DHCP on the network and the device will receive an IP address from the DHCP server.

• IP addresses can also be assigned using command line tools such as ipconfig or ifconfig.

Oops concepts refer to Object-Oriented Programming concepts which include inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.

• Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

• Polymorphism: Allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

• Abstraction: Hides the complex implementation details and only shows the necessary features of an objec...read more

An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to every device connected to the internet.

• IP stands for Internet Protocol

• It consists of four sets of numbers separated by dots

• There are two types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6

• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers and IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers

• Examples of IP addresses are 192.168.1.1 and 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

A switch is a networking device that connects devices together on a local area network (LAN) and forwards data packets between them.

• Switches operate at the data link layer of the OSI model.

• They use MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination device.

• Switches can improve network performance by reducing network congestion and collisions.

• Examples of switches include Cisco Catalyst switches and Netgear ProSAFE switches.

A VLAN is a logical grouping of network devices that share the same broadcast domain.

• VLANs are used to segment a network into smaller, more manageable subnetworks.

• Each VLAN has its own broadcast domain, which means that broadcasts are contained within the VLAN.

• VLANs can be configured on switches and routers to control traffic flow and improve network security.

• VLANs can be used to separate different types of traffic, such as voice and data traffic.

• VLANs can also be used to iso...read more

Azure cloud infra is a cloud computing platform provided by Microsoft.

• It offers a wide range of services including virtual machines, storage, and networking.

• It allows users to build, deploy, and manage applications and services through a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers.

• It provides scalability, security, and reliability to businesses of all sizes.

• Some examples of Azure services include Azure Virtual Machines, Azure Storage, and Azure App Service.

Interprocess communication is the mechanism by which processes in a computer system share data and information.

• IPC allows processes to communicate and synchronize with each other

• Common methods include pipes, sockets, shared memory, and message queues

• IPC can be synchronous or asynchronous

• Examples include client-server communication, file sharing, and remote procedure calls

SQL keys are used to uniquely identify records in a table. They include primary, foreign, and unique keys.

• Primary key: uniquely identifies each record in a table, must be unique and not null

• Foreign key: links two tables together, ensures referential integrity

• Unique key: ensures that all values in a column are unique

Creating a bootable drive involves formatting the drive and copying the operating system files onto it.

• Insert a USB drive or DVD into the computer

• Format the drive using a tool like Rufus or Disk Utility

• Copy the operating system files onto the drive

• Set the computer to boot from the drive in BIOS or UEFI settings

IPv4 is a protocol used to identify devices on a network using a 32-bit address.

• IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4.

• It uses a 32-bit address space, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.

• IPv4 addresses are written in dotted decimal notation, such as 192.168.0.1.

• It is the most widely used protocol for internet communication.

• IPv4 is being replaced by IPv6 due to the exhaustion of available IPv4 addresses.

Oops concepts refer to Object-Oriented Programming principles such as Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Abstraction.

• Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

• Polymorphism: Ability of a function to behave differently based on the object it is acting upon.

• Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary fea...read more

Sealed class is a class that cannot be inherited or subclassed.

• Sealed classes are used to restrict inheritance for security or design reasons

• They are often used in conjunction with when expressions in Kotlin

• Example: sealed class Result

• Example: sealed class Shape

A domain is a group of computers and devices on a network that are administered as a unit with common rules and procedures.

• A domain is a logical grouping of network resources such as computers, printers, and servers.

• It allows for centralized management of user accounts, security policies, and network resources.

• Domains are commonly used in Windows-based networks, where a domain controller is responsible for authenticating users and enforcing security policies.

• Examples of domai...read more

Java 8 introduced several new features and enhancements, including lambda expressions, functional interfaces, streams, and the new Date and Time API.

• Lambda expressions allow for more concise and readable code.

• Functional interfaces can have only one abstract method and are used to implement lambda expressions.

• Streams provide a way to process collections of objects in a functional style.

• The new Date and Time API provides a more comprehensive and flexible way to work with dates ...read more

Switching involves forwarding data packets within a network, while routing involves determining the best path for data packets to travel between networks.

• Switching operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model, using MAC addresses to forward data within a local network.

• Routing operates at Layer 3 of the OSI model, using IP addresses to determine the best path for data to travel between networks.

• Switches use MAC address tables to make forwarding decisions, while routers use routing tab...read more

REST API is a type of web service that allows communication between different systems over HTTP using standard methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE.

• REST stands for Representational State Transfer

• Uses standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE

• Data is transferred in JSON or XML format

• Stateless communication between client and server

• Resources are identified by URLs

SOAP API is a protocol for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services.

• SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol

• It uses XML for message format

• It relies on HTTP or SMTP for message transmission

• It is a widely used protocol for web services

Firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

• Firewall acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network.

• It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.

• Firewalls can filter traffic based on IP addresses, ports, protocols, and application types.

• They can prevent unauthorized access, protect against malware and other cyber threat...read more