Indus Towers Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

STM-1 link refers to a Synchronous Transport Module level 1 link used in telecommunications for transmitting data.

• STM-1 link operates at a data rate of 155.52 Mbps.

• It is commonly used in SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) networks.

• STM-1 link can carry multiple DS3 or E3 circuits.

• It is equivalent to 63 E1 channels or 28 DS1 channels.

An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network, while a subnet mask is used to divide an IP network into subnetworks.

• IP address identifies a device on a network, like 192.168.1.1

• Subnet mask determines the network portion of an IP address, like 255.255.255.0

• Subnet mask is used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address

OSI and TCP/IP models are networking models that define how data is transmitted over a network.

• OSI model has 7 layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.

• TCP/IP model has 4 layers: Network Interface, Internet, Transport, Application.

• OSI model is theoretical while TCP/IP model is practical and widely used.

• OSI model is a reference model while TCP/IP model is a protocol stack.

• Examp...read more

Requirements and capacity of stm-1 link implementation

• Requirements include fiber optic cables, SDH equipment, and proper configuration

• Capacity of stm-1 link is 155.52 Mbps

• STM-1 link is commonly used in telecommunications for high-speed data transmission

An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses.

• IP address is a unique identifier for devices on a network.

• IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, represented in decimal format (e.g. 192.168.1.1).

• IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, represented in hexadecimal format (e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

VLAN stands for Virtual Local Area Network. VLAN ID is a unique identifier assigned to a VLAN.

• VLAN is a logical grouping of devices on the same network segment.

• VLANs help in segmenting network traffic for security and performance reasons.

• VLAN ID is a number assigned to each VLAN to differentiate it from others.

• For example, VLAN 10 might be used for finance department while VLAN 20 for marketing.

Layer-2 and layer-3 services refer to different levels of network services in the OSI model.

• Layer-2 services operate at the data link layer and include functions like MAC address assignment and Ethernet switching.

• Layer-3 services operate at the network layer and include functions like IP address assignment and routing.

• The main difference between layer-2 and layer-3 services is the level at which they operate in the OSI...read more

SDH structure refers to the hierarchy of synchronous digital signals, while SDH frame is the basic unit of data transmission in SDH networks.

• SDH structure includes various levels such as STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, etc.

• SDH frame consists of a fixed number of bytes, with overhead for management and error correction.

• SDH frame structure includes sections, lines, and paths for data transmission.

• Example: STM-1 is a common level i...read more

DCCR stands for Data Center Control Room and DCCM stands for Data Center Construction Manager.

• DCCR is a centralized location within a data center where operators monitor the performance of servers, networks, and other equipment.

• DCCM is responsible for overseeing the construction and maintenance of data center facilities.

• Examples: DCCR helps in ensuring smooth operations of data centers by monitoring and managing resour...read more

IPv4 address of Google DNS server is 8.8.8.8 and IPv6 address is 2001:4860:4860::8888.

• IPv4 address: 8.8.8.8

• IPv6 address: 2001:4860:4860::8888

Subnet mask is used to divide an IP network into subnetworks, determining the network and host portions of an IP address.

• Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that separates the network and host portions of an IP address.

• To calculate the number of usable IPs in a subnet, subtract 2 from the total number of IPs in the subnet.

• Network host IP is the first IP address in a subnet, while broadcast IP is the last IP address in a sub...read more

Different kinds of cards used in Tejas 1400 and 1600 mux include line cards, switch cards, and power cards.

• Line cards: used for connecting the mux to external devices

• Switch cards: used for routing data within the mux

• Power cards: used for providing power to the mux

• Examples: STM-1 line card, STM-4 switch card, power supply card

The main difference between xa60g and xa20g cards is the processing power and memory capacity.

• xa60g card has higher processing power and memory capacity compared to xa20g card

• xa60g card is more suitable for high-performance computing tasks

• xa20g card may be more cost-effective for less demanding applications

GPON technology is a type of passive optical network that uses fiber-optic cables to deliver high-speed internet, TV, and phone services.

• GPON stands for Gigabit Passive Optical Network

• It uses a point-to-multipoint architecture, where a single optical fiber serves multiple users

• GPON architecture includes an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the service provider's central office and Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) at the c...read more

Nodes can be added and deleted in NMS by using the management interface or command line interface.

• Nodes can be added through the management interface by selecting the 'Add Node' option and providing the necessary information such as IP address, hostname, and SNMP credentials.

• Nodes can also be added through the command line interface by using specific commands to add a new node to the network management system.

• To delete...read more

To upgrade software in OLT, ONT, and Tejas 1400 locally and from NMS, follow these steps.

• Locally: Use a USB drive to transfer the software update file to the device. Access the device's management interface and initiate the upgrade process.

• From NMS: Use the Network Management System (NMS) to remotely push the software update to the devices. Schedule the upgrade during off-peak hours to minimize disruption.

• Ensure compat...read more

Different types of alarms in Tejas equipments include power alarms, temperature alarms, and communication alarms.

• Power alarms: indicate issues with power supply or voltage levels

• Temperature alarms: alert when equipment temperature exceeds safe limits

• Communication alarms: signal problems with data transmission or network connectivity

VCG stands for Voltage Controlled Gain and VCAT stands for Voltage Controlled Attenuator.

• VCG is a circuit that adjusts the gain of an amplifier based on a control voltage.

• VCAT is a circuit that adjusts the attenuation of a signal based on a control voltage.

• Both VCG and VCAT are commonly used in electronic devices to control signal levels.

• Example: VCG can be used in audio amplifiers to adjust the volume based on user in...read more

MPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching. It is a protocol used in high-performance telecommunications networks.

• Advantages of MPLS include improved performance, scalability, quality of service, and traffic engineering capabilities

• MPLS allows for efficient packet forwarding based on labels instead of IP addresses

• MPLS can support different types of traffic, such as voice, video, and data, with different service leve...read more