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Binary Search Tree is a data structure where each node has at most two children, with left child less than parent and right child greater.
Nodes have at most two children - left and right
Left child is less than parent, right child is greater
Allows for efficient searching, insertion, and deletion of elements
The problem involves finding an element in a matrix that is sorted both row-wise and column-wise.
Start from the top-right corner of the matrix
Compare the target element with the current element
If the target is smaller, move left; if larger, move down
Repeat until the target is found or the matrix boundaries are crossed
Options are financial contracts that give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price.
Options can be used for hedging or speculation
There are two types of options: call options and put options
Call options give the buyer the right to buy the underlying asset at a predetermined price, while put options give the buyer the right to sell the underlying asset ...
Expected number of tosses of a fair coin to get 3 consecutive heads.
The probability of getting 3 consecutive heads is 1/8
The expected number of tosses to get 3 consecutive heads is 14
This can be calculated using the formula E(X) = 2^k + 2^(k-1) + 2^(k-2) + ... + 2^2 + 2^1 + 2^0, where k is the number of consecutive heads required
Number of ways to jump n stairs if a person can climb 1 or 2 stairs.
Use dynamic programming to solve the problem.
The number of ways to jump n stairs is equal to the sum of ways to jump n-1 stairs and ways to jump n-2 stairs.
Base cases: if n=0, return 1 and if n=1, return 1.
An LRU cache can be made using a doubly linked list and a hash map.
Create a doubly linked list to store the cache items.
Create a hash map to store the key-value pairs.
When a new item is added, check if the cache is full. If it is, remove the least recently used item from the linked list and hash map.
When an item is accessed, move it to the front of the linked list.
When an item is removed, remove it from both the l...
Searching an element in a sorted 2D matrix
Start from the top-right corner or bottom-left corner
Compare the target element with the current element
Move left or down if the target is smaller or move right or up if the target is larger
Efficient algorithms for calculating Fibonacci's sequence
Use dynamic programming to avoid redundant calculations
Implement matrix exponentiation to reduce time complexity to O(log n)
Use memoization to store previously calculated values
Iterative approach using constant space complexity
Binet's formula for direct calculation of nth Fibonacci number
A call option is a financial contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time period.
Call options are bought by investors who believe that the price of the underlying asset will rise in the future.
The buyer of a call option pays a premium to the seller for the right to buy the asset at a predetermined price, known as the st...
Compute working days using given functions f, g, and h.
To compute the 3rd working day, apply function g three times to function f.
To compute the 2nd working day of the previous month, apply function h to function f, then apply function g twice.
To compute the 4th working day of the next month, apply function g four times to function f.
On their BlueJ platform with 2 questions asked with optimizations needed
Binary Search Tree is a data structure where each node has at most two children, with left child less than parent and right child greater.
Nodes have at most two children - left and right
Left child is less than parent, right child is greater
Allows for efficient searching, insertion, and deletion of elements
I applied via Company Website and was interviewed before Jun 2022. There were 5 interview rounds.
Aptitude question related to trigonometry and logical reasoning
2 coding question based on dp and binary search
Find the maximum value in each sliding window of size k in an array.
Use a deque to store indices of array elements.
Maintain the deque in decreasing order of values.
Remove indices that are out of the current window.
The front of the deque always contains the index of the maximum element for the current window.
Example: For array [1,3,-1,-3,5,3,6,7] and k=3, output is [3,3,5,5,6,7].
I applied via Recruitment Consultant and was interviewed in Dec 2021. There were 4 interview rounds.
Asset management is the process of managing and optimizing a company's assets to maximize their value and minimize risk.
Asset management involves identifying, tracking, and evaluating assets
It includes developing strategies to optimize asset performance and minimize risk
Examples of assets that can be managed include financial investments, real estate, and equipment
Asset management can be done in-house or outsourced to ...
Custodian banking involves holding and safeguarding financial assets on behalf of clients.
Custodian banks provide services such as asset safekeeping, settlement of trades, and corporate actions processing.
They also offer reporting and analytics to clients on their holdings and transactions.
Examples of custodian banks include State Street, BNY Mellon, and J.P. Morgan.
Custodian banking is important for institutional inve...
Hedge funds are actively managed investment funds that use various strategies to generate high returns, while private equity firms invest in private companies and aim to increase their value.
Hedge funds are open to a wider range of investors than private equity funds
Hedge funds use leverage to increase returns, while private equity firms use debt to finance acquisitions
Hedge funds have a shorter investment horizon than...
I applied via Campus Placement and was interviewed before Dec 2022. There were 6 interview rounds.
There were 3 coding questions with medium difficulty level.
Good knowledge in logical reasoning and mathematics (especially probability) is required.
2 array based questions
1 array and 1 linked list based questions were asked
I applied via Company Website and was interviewed in Jan 2021. There were 4 interview rounds.
There are infinite ways to sort an infinite array with varying complexities.
Sorting algorithms like QuickSort, MergeSort, HeapSort, etc. can be used to sort the array.
The time complexity of sorting algorithms varies from O(n log n) to O(n^2).
The space complexity also varies depending on the algorithm used.
Sorting an infinite array is not practical, so it is usually done in chunks or using parallel processing.
The sortin...
I appeared for an interview before Oct 2020.
Round duration - 90 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
The round was divided into 5 parts.
1st part - 2 easy coding questions
2nd part - 7 MCQs
3rd part - 8 MCQs
4th part - 1 hard coding question
5th part - 2 ethical based questions
Design a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:
1. get(key)
- Return the value of the key if it exists in the cache; otherw...
Design a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache data structure that supports get and put operations with capacity constraint.
Implement a doubly linked list to keep track of the order of keys based on their recent usage.
Use a hashmap to store key-value pairs for quick access.
When capacity is reached, evict the least recently used item before inserting a new item.
Update the order of keys in the linked list whenever a key is acc...
Given an array ARR
consisting of N
integers, your goal is to determine the maximum possible sum of a non-empty contiguous subarray within this array.
The goal is to find the maximum sum of a non-empty contiguous subarray within an array of integers.
Iterate through the array and keep track of the maximum sum of subarrays encountered so far.
Use Kadane's algorithm to efficiently find the maximum subarray sum.
Consider edge cases like all negative numbers in the array.
Example: For input [1, -3, 4, -2, -1, 6], the maximum subarray sum is 7 (subarray [4, -2, -1, 6]).
Given a binary matrix of size N * M
where each element is either 0 or 1, find the shortest path from a source cell to a destination cell, consisting only...
Find the shortest path in a binary matrix from a source cell to a destination cell consisting only of 1s.
Use Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm to find the shortest path.
Keep track of visited cells to avoid revisiting them.
Calculate the path length by counting the number of 1s in the path.
Return -1 if no valid path exists.
Tip 1 : For Goldman Sachs, puzzles are a must.
Tip 2 : Competitive Programming is also necessary for most job interviews.
Tip 3 : Practise mock interviews among your friends.
Tip 1 : Make your resume crisp and clear.
Tip 2 : Have at least two projects on your resume.
Tip 3 : You can take the help of someone to verify any grammatical mistakes and the formation of sentences.
I applied via Campus Placement and was interviewed before Jul 2021. There were 2 interview rounds.
It was difficult aptitude test. One need to be well versed in aptitude and coding ( any programming language).
Find the magic number in a sorted array where value and index are same.
Iterate through the array and check if the value and index are same
If found, return the value
If not found, return -1
Design a newspaper subscription system
Create a user registration system
Allow users to select subscription plan and payment method
Provide options for delivery frequency and start/end dates
Send reminders for subscription renewal
Allow users to modify or cancel subscription
Track subscription history and payment records
Number of ways to jump n stairs if a person can climb 1 or 2 stairs.
Use dynamic programming to solve the problem.
The number of ways to jump n stairs is equal to the sum of ways to jump n-1 stairs and ways to jump n-2 stairs.
Base cases: if n=0, return 1 and if n=1, return 1.
An LRU cache can be made using a doubly linked list and a hash map.
Create a doubly linked list to store the cache items.
Create a hash map to store the key-value pairs.
When a new item is added, check if the cache is full. If it is, remove the least recently used item from the linked list and hash map.
When an item is accessed, move it to the front of the linked list.
When an item is removed, remove it from both the linked...
Probability of winning a dice game where the one with lesser number wins.
The probability of winning depends on the number of sides on the dice.
If the dice has an odd number of sides, the probability of winning is higher for the second player.
If the dice has an even number of sides, the probability of winning is equal for both players.
Compute working days using given functions f, g, and h.
To compute the 3rd working day, apply function g three times to function f.
To compute the 2nd working day of the previous month, apply function h to function f, then apply function g twice.
To compute the 4th working day of the next month, apply function g four times to function f.
I applied via Campus Placement and was interviewed in Dec 2016. There were 5 interview rounds.
I am a highly motivated individual with a passion for learning and a strong work ethic.
I have a degree in computer science and have worked as a software developer for 3 years.
I am proficient in multiple programming languages including Java, Python, and C++.
I am a quick learner and enjoy taking on new challenges.
In my free time, I enjoy hiking and playing guitar.
Count number of ways to reach 20 on number line starting from 0 in steps of 1 or 2. Derive recursive formula for n+1.
Use dynamic programming to count number of ways for each step.
For each step, number of ways is sum of number of ways for previous 1 or 2 steps.
Recursive formula: ways[n+1] = ways[n] + ways[n-1]
Yes, I have applied to several PhD programs in the past.
I have applied to PhD programs in [specific field] at [specific universities].
I have experience with the application process, including writing research proposals and obtaining letters of recommendation.
I am currently waiting to hear back from the programs I applied to.
Probability of a rod of length L covering an integer on a number line.
The probability depends on the length of the rod and the distance between adjacent integers on the number line.
If the length of the rod is less than the distance between adjacent integers, the probability is zero.
If the length of the rod is greater than or equal to the distance between adjacent integers, the probability is (L - d)/d, where d is the d...
There are (N-1)! ways to eat chocolates from left to right.
The first chocolate can be chosen in N ways, the second in (N-1) ways, and so on.
However, since the order of chocolates eaten matters, we need to divide by the number of ways to order N chocolates, which is N!.
Therefore, the total number of ways to eat chocolates is (N-1)!
For example, if N=4, there are 3! = 6 ways to eat the chocolates.
No, it is not possible for each person to give gifts to 3 people and receive a gift from them in a party of 9 people.
In this scenario, each person would need to receive 3 gifts, which is not possible if there are only 9 people.
This scenario would be possible if there were at least 10 people at the party.
In general, for a party of n people, each person can give gifts to n-1 people and receive gifts from n-1 people.
Conditions for overflow and steady state in a tank with inflow and outflow
Overflow occurs when the inflow rate is greater than the outflow rate
Steady state is achieved when the inflow rate equals the outflow rate
Overflow can be prevented by adjusting the inflow rate or increasing the outflow rate
Steady state can be maintained by balancing the inflow and outflow rates
I am interested in data analysis, technology, and staying up-to-date with industry trends.
Data analysis and visualization
Machine learning and AI
Technology advancements and innovations
Industry conferences and events
Networking with professionals in the field
The most probable number on the last toss is 6.
The probability of getting a sum of 100 or more is highest when the sum is 99.
The last toss will be made to reach the sum of 100, so the most probable number is the one that will take the sum closest to 100.
The sum of 94 can be achieved by rolling a 6 on the last toss, which is the most probable number.
Options are financial contracts that give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price.
Options can be used for hedging or speculation
There are two types of options: call options and put options
Call options give the buyer the right to buy the underlying asset at a predetermined price, while put options give the buyer the right to sell the underlying asset at a ...
A call option is a financial contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time period.
Call options are bought by investors who believe that the price of the underlying asset will rise in the future.
The buyer of a call option pays a premium to the seller for the right to buy the asset at a predetermined price, known as the strike ...
You can buy fuel from us through our fuel card program.
We offer a fuel card program that allows you to purchase fuel from our network of stations.
Our fuel card program offers discounts and rewards for frequent users.
You can easily track your fuel expenses and usage through our online portal.
We also offer customized fuel solutions for businesses and fleets.
Our fuel is high-quality and meets all industry standards.
Increasing stock volatility increases the price of a call option.
Higher volatility means higher potential for the stock to move in the option holder's favor, increasing the option's value
The option's delta and gamma will also increase with higher volatility
Example: If a call option on a stock with a strike price of $50 has a premium of $2 when the stock has a volatility of 20%, increasing the volatility to 30% may incr...
The price of a call option is calculated using the Black-Scholes model which takes into account the underlying asset price, strike price, time to expiration, risk-free interest rate, and volatility.
Determine the current price of the underlying asset
Determine the strike price of the option
Determine the time to expiration of the option
Determine the risk-free interest rate
Determine the volatility of the underlying asset
Pl...
I appeared for an interview in Dec 2016.
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The duration of Goldman Sachs Analyst interview process can vary, but typically it takes about less than 2 weeks to complete.
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