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I was interviewed before Sep 2020.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
Round duration - 50 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
At the beginning of this round, the interviewer asked me about the data structures I knew. Linked lists, trees, graphs, arrays etc. was my answer. He asked me how well I knew Dynamic Programming. I said I wasn’t strong in that and he said that he would ask me a question on dynamic programming for sure.
Round duration - 40 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
The interviewer asked me if I was comfortable with the interview process so far and how the previous interviews were. I said it was good and he gave me the first problem to solve.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
The interviewer asked me some Computer Science fundamentals in this round as well as some behavioural questions.
Implement a Trie data structure with insert and search functions.
Create a TrieNode class with children and isEndOfWord attributes.
Implement insert function to add words by iterating through characters.
Implement search function to check if a word exists by traversing the Trie.
Example: Insert 'apple', 'banana', 'orange' and search for 'apple' and 'grape'.
Do lot of hard work and practice of Data Structures and Algorithms based questions. I personally recommend you Coding Ninjas and Geeks For Geeks for interview preparation.
Application resume tips for other job seekersMake your resume short and try to make it of one page only and do mention all your skills which you are confident of in your resume.
Final outcome of the interviewSelectedI was interviewed in Aug 2017.
Merge Sort is a divide and conquer algorithm that sorts an array by dividing it into two halves, sorting them separately, and then merging the sorted halves.
Divide the array into two halves
Recursively sort the two halves
Merge the sorted halves
Find pairs of integers in a BST whose sum is equal to a given number.
Traverse the BST and store the values in a hash set.
For each node, check if (X - node.value) exists in the hash set.
If yes, add the pair (node.value, X - node.value) to the result.
Continue traversal until all nodes are processed.
Merge overlapping time intervals into mutually exclusive intervals.
Sort the intervals based on their start time.
Iterate through the intervals and merge overlapping intervals.
Output the mutually exclusive intervals.
Example: [(1,3), (2,6), (8,10), (15,18)] -> [(1,6), (8,10), (15,18)]
Different types of hashing and alternative for Linear Chaining
Different types of hashing include division, multiplication, and universal hashing
Alternative for Linear Chaining is Open Addressing
Open Addressing includes Linear Probing, Quadratic Probing, and Double Hashing
An AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree where the heights of the left and right subtrees differ by at most one.
AVL tree is a binary search tree with additional balance factor for each node.
The balance factor is the difference between the heights of the left and right subtrees.
Insertion and deletion operations in AVL tree maintain the balance factor to ensure the tree remains balanced.
Rotations are performed ...
Find the minimum number of squares whose sum equals to a given number n.
Use dynamic programming to solve the problem efficiently.
Start with finding the square root of n and check if it is a perfect square.
If not, then try to find the minimum number of squares required for the remaining number.
Repeat the process until the remaining number becomes 0.
Return the minimum number of squares required for the given number n.
Insertion sort for a singly linked list.
Traverse the list and compare each node with the previous nodes
If the current node is smaller, swap it with the previous node
Repeat until the end of the list is reached
Time complexity is O(n^2)
I was interviewed before May 2021.
Round duration - 90 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Around 65-70 people sat for the test. 15 people were shortlisted. It consisted of the following to be done in 90 minutes.
- 28 MCQs based on core CS
- 2 Coding questions – everyone had different and random questions. Most questions were custom logic based (easy level) including some standard questions – LCS, LIS, topological sort.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
Interviewer was very friendly. It started with the standard – tell me about yourself / introduce yourself type of question. Then he proceeded and asked two coding questions
Your friend has homework to complete. Help him by removing duplicates from a sorted linked list.
You are given the 'Head' of a sorted linked list. Modify the l...
Remove duplicates from a sorted linked list without adjacent duplicates.
Traverse the linked list while comparing current and next nodes.
If they are equal, skip the next node by updating the current node's next pointer.
Repeat until the end of the list is reached.
You are enrolled as a student and must complete N
courses, numbered from 1 to N, to earn your degree.
Some courses have prerequisites, which means that to take course i
,...
Check if it is feasible to complete all courses with prerequisites.
Create a graph representing the prerequisites with courses as nodes and edges as prerequisites.
Perform a topological sort on the graph to check if there is a cycle (if there is, then it's not feasible to complete all courses).
If there is no cycle, then it is feasible to complete all courses.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
This round had only 1 question. The interviewer introduced himself. And he advised me to clearly understand the problem before proceeding.
You are given a binary tree of distinct integers, along with two nodes, ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Your task is to determine the Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) of ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
The LC...
Find the Lowest Common Ancestor of two nodes in a binary tree.
Traverse the binary tree to find the paths from the root to nodes X and Y.
Compare the paths to find the last common node, which is the Lowest Common Ancestor.
Implement a recursive function to efficiently find the LCA.
Handle cases where one node is an ancestor of the other.
Consider edge cases like when X or Y is the root node.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Pretty Good Round. Fast Paced. We covered a lot of ground.
Design and implement a class BSTIterator
to perform an in-order traversal over a Binary Search Tree (BST). Your implementation should include the following me...
Design and implement a class BSTIterator to perform in-order traversal over a Binary Search Tree (BST).
Implement a parameterized constructor to initialize the iterator with the root of the BST.
Implement a method 'next()' to return the next smallest element in in-order traversal.
Implement a method 'hasNext()' to check if there exists a next smallest element in traversal.
Ensure the output is the in-order traversal of the
Given a binary array 'ARR' of size 'N', your task is to determine the maximum length of a sequence consisting solely of 1’s that can be obtained by converting at...
Find the maximum length of a sequence of 1's by converting at most K zeroes into ones in a binary array.
Iterate through the array and keep track of the current window of 1's and zeroes.
Use a sliding window approach to find the maximum length of consecutive 1's by flipping at most K zeroes.
Update the window based on the number of zeroes flipped and keep track of the maximum length found so far.
Return the maximum length ...
You are given an undirected and disconnected graph G(V, E)
having V
vertices numbered from 0
to V-1
and E
edges. Your task is to print its BFS traversal starting from the 0t...
BFS traversal of an undirected and disconnected graph starting from vertex 0.
Start BFS traversal from vertex 0 and visit all connected nodes in sorted order.
Use a queue to keep track of nodes to visit next.
Keep a visited array to avoid revisiting nodes.
Print the BFS traversal path as the nodes are visited.
Example: For input V=5, E=4 and edges 0-1, 0-2, 1-3, 2-4, the BFS traversal will be [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].
Given an undirected graph with V
vertices (labeled 0, 1, ..., V-1) and E
edges, each edge connects two nodes X
and Y
with a specified weight representing the dis...
Dijkstra's algorithm is used to find the shortest path distance from a source node to all other nodes in an undirected graph.
Implement Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest path distance from node 0 to all other nodes in the graph.
Use a priority queue to efficiently select the next node with the shortest distance.
Initialize distances to all nodes as infinity, except for the source node which is 0.
Update distances t...
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Hard
Bar Raised Round. Definitely felt the difficulty.
You are given a string consisting of English alphabet characters. Your task is to identify and return the first character in the string that does not repeat...
Identify and return the first non-repeating character in a string, or the first character if all characters repeat.
Iterate through the string to count the frequency of each character
Iterate through the string again to find the first character with frequency 1
If no such character is found, return the first character of the string
Tip 1 : Practice at least 250 Questions, Give yourself enough time for preparation. Cramming won't take you very far. In books, I really liked Elements of Programming Interviews.
Tip 2 : Make sure to brush up your basics - coding style, OOPs, Language features. They help in making an impression.
Tip 3 : Don't worry about solving the question in the interview. Learn to tackle any random problem with the best of your ability. More often than not, that'd be enough.
Tip 1 : Keep your resume clean - no graphics, no multiple fonts. Keep it one page.
Tip 2 : Don't go over board in mentioning skills, only mention the things you are truly confident about.
I was interviewed before Sep 2020.
Round duration - 90 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was MCQ+Coding round.
Check if two strings are anagrams by comparing the sorted versions of the strings.
Sort both strings and compare if they are equal.
Use a hashmap to store the frequency of characters in each string and compare the maps.
Ignore spaces and punctuation when comparing the strings.
Round duration - 90 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was face to face interview round.
Round duration - 90 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was face to face interview round.
Tip 1 : Participate in live contests on websites like Codechef, Codeforces etc as much as possible.
Tip 2 : Practice previous interview questions from LeetCode, GeeksForGeeks.
Tip 3 : Revise Computer Science subjects like DBMS, OOPS thoroughly.
Add projects and Internships if you have done any and add only those things which you really know.
Final outcome of the interviewSelectedI was interviewed before Sep 2020.
Round duration - 90 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Interview started at 11:00 am. It was an online round. During the coding round I submitted optimized solution and got full acceptance of the solutions.
You are provided with a directed graph composed of 'N' nodes. You have a matrix called 'EDGES' with dimensions M x 2, which specifies the 'M' edges in the graph. Each edge...
Detect cycle in a directed graph using depth-first search (DFS) algorithm.
Use DFS to traverse the graph and detect back edges indicating a cycle.
Maintain a visited array to keep track of visited nodes during traversal.
If a node is visited again during traversal and it is not the parent node, then a cycle exists.
Return true if a cycle is detected, false otherwise.
Round duration - 80 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Interview started at 10:00 am. Interview went well, I was able to connect with the interviewer and enjoyed the whole interview
Find the next smallest palindrome strictly greater than a given number 'N' represented as a string 'S'.
You are given a number in string format, a...
Find the next smallest palindrome greater than a given number represented as a string.
Convert the string to an integer, find the next greater palindrome, and convert it back to a string.
Handle cases where the number is a palindrome or has all digits as '9'.
Consider both odd and even length numbers when finding the next palindrome.
Round duration - 80 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Interview started at 11:00 am. Interview went well.
Given a binary tree of integers, your task is to return the boundary nodes of the tree in Anti-Clockwise direction starting from the root node.
The first line ...
Return the boundary nodes of a binary tree in Anti-Clockwise direction starting from the root node.
Traverse the left boundary nodes in a top-down manner
Traverse the leaf nodes from left to right
Traverse the right boundary nodes in a bottom-up manner
Handle cases where duplicates occur in the boundary nodes
Implement the function without printing as printing is already managed
Tip 1 : For Data Structures number of questions doesn't matter. Try to understand the logic behind them and try to apply them in creating multiple scenario's. Learn them by heart.
Tip 2 : For Web.Development Try to learn full stack development. See which part interests you more, Increase your knowledge horizon, Always try to build a system a system considering It will be served to millions of customers. By doing this 1-2 projects will increase and cover all the major things which one should learn in their career/college.
Tip 1 : Always try to make it a single page
Tip 2 : Always make resume company specific. eg. Data Structures part more if you are applying for MNC's eg. Amazon, Google, DE Shaw, browserstack.
Reverse a binary search tree while maintaining parent-child relationship.
Start by swapping the left and right child of each node recursively.
Use a depth-first search approach to traverse the tree.
Make sure to update the parent-child relationships accordingly.
To find min and max element in stack in O(1), we can use an auxiliary stack.
Create an auxiliary stack to keep track of the minimum and maximum elements.
Push the first element to both the main and auxiliary stack.
For each subsequent element, compare it with the top element of the auxiliary stack and push the smaller element to the auxiliary stack.
To get the minimum element, simply return the top element of the auxiliary...
Given an array, find the next minimum element for each element.
Iterate through the array
For each element, compare it with the elements on its right
Find the minimum element greater than the current element
If no such element exists, assign -1
Build the resultant array
Find median of input stream in minimum time complexity using online algorithm.
Use two heaps, one max heap for elements smaller than current median and one min heap for elements greater than current median.
Maintain balance between the two heaps by ensuring that the size difference is at most 1.
If the size of both heaps is equal, median is the average of the top elements of both heaps. Else, median is the top element of ...
To make a copy of a linked list with two pointers, iterate through the original list and create a new node for each element.
Iterate through the original linked list
Create a new node for each element
Set the 'next' pointer of each new node
Set the 'arbitrary' pointer of each new node
Reverse the nodes of a linked list in pairs of n
Iterate through the linked list in pairs of n
Reverse the nodes within each pair
Connect the reversed pairs together
Handle cases where the number of nodes is not a multiple of n
To check if a singly linked list is a palindrome, reverse the second half and compare it with the first half.
Traverse the linked list to find the middle node
Reverse the second half of the linked list
Compare the reversed second half with the first half to check for palindrome
Given a preorder of binary tree with leaf nodes represented by N, construct the tree.
Start by creating an empty stack.
Iterate through the preorder list.
If the current element is N, create a leaf node and push it onto the stack.
If the current element is not N, create a new node and set its left child to the top of the stack.
Pop the top of the stack and set it as the right child of the new node.
Push the new node onto the...
The question asks to find the maximum occupancy word in each line of a given multiline string and also count the occupancy of capital and small letters separately.
Split the multiline string into individual lines
For each line, split it into words
Initialize variables to store the maximum occupancy word and its count
Iterate through each word and count the occupancy of each letter
If the current word has a higher occupancy ...
Algorithm to find the best buying and selling dates for maximum profit from given stock prices array.
Iterate through the array and keep track of minimum price and maximum profit.
If current price is less than minimum price, update minimum price.
If current price minus minimum price is greater than maximum profit, update maximum profit and buying and selling dates.
Return buying and selling dates.
Example: [10, 7, 5, 8, 11,...
The code finds the number of ways to reach n steps by jumping 1 or 2 steps at a time.
Use dynamic programming to solve the problem
Create an array to store the number of ways to reach each step
Initialize the array with base cases for 0 and 1 steps
Iterate through the array and calculate the number of ways for each step
Return the value at the last step
Amazon.com is an online retail giant with a vast selection of products and services.
Advantages: Wide selection of products, competitive pricing, fast shipping, convenient shopping experience
Disadvantages: Can put smaller retailers out of business, concerns over worker treatment and environmental impact
Example: Amazon Prime offers free two-day shipping and access to streaming services like Prime Video and Music
Example: ...
Use file locking mechanisms like flock or lockfile to make a file mutually exclusive on a shared file system.
Use flock or lockfile to acquire a lock on the file before accessing it.
Release the lock once the operation is complete.
Ensure all processes accessing the file use the same locking mechanism.
Example: flock /path/to/file -c 'command to execute'
Example: lockfile /path/to/file && command to execute && rm -f /path/t
I am a software developer with 5 years of experience in developing web applications using Java and JavaScript.
5 years of experience in software development
Proficient in Java and JavaScript
Developed web applications
Strong problem-solving skills
Experience with agile development methodologies
Positive: Strong problem-solving skills, Negative: Can be overly critical of own work
Positive: Strong problem-solving skills - I excel at breaking down complex problems and finding efficient solutions
Negative: Can be overly critical of own work - I tend to be perfectionistic and struggle with accepting imperfections
I had a failure in implementing a new feature due to a lack of understanding of the requirements.
I was assigned to develop a new feature for our software application.
I misunderstood the requirements and implemented the feature incorrectly.
During the testing phase, it was discovered that the feature was not functioning as expected.
I took responsibility for the mistake and immediately communicated it to my team lead.
I wo...
Replace every element in array with its closest maximum element in right.
Iterate through the array from right to left
Keep track of the maximum element seen so far
Replace each element with the maximum element seen so far
Designing a distributed Hashtable and discussing its pros and cons.
Distributed Hashtable is a data structure that stores key-value pairs across multiple nodes.
Pros include scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing.
Cons include increased complexity, potential for data inconsistency, and slower performance due to network communication.
Examples of distributed Hashtable implementations include Cassandra, Riak, and D
To identify if a tree is a BST, check if the inorder traversal of the tree results in a sorted sequence.
Perform an inorder traversal of the tree
Check if the resulting sequence is sorted in ascending order
If yes, the tree is a BST; otherwise, it is not
My favorite subject is computer science and I excel in problem-solving and algorithm design.
Computer science is my favorite subject because I enjoy coding and creating software applications.
I am best at problem-solving, as I have a strong analytical mindset and can efficiently break down complex issues.
I excel in algorithm design, as I have a deep understanding of data structures and can optimize code for efficiency.
Paging is a memory management technique used by operating systems to manage memory more efficiently. Virtual memory is a technique that allows a computer to use more memory than it physically has available.
Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks called pages.
Virtual memory allows programs to use more memory than is physically available by temporarily transferring pages of data from RAM to disk.
Virtual memory also ...
The remaining memory is not wasted, but reserved for other system processes and applications.
The operating system reserves a portion of the RAM for its own processes and functions.
The unused memory can be used for caching data, improving system performance.
Applications and processes may not require the full amount of RAM at all times.
The unused memory can be allocated to other applications when needed.
Virtual memory an...
Return the total possible positions for a knight on a chess board given the number of combinations of moves.
Calculate all possible positions for a knight on a chess board using its unique L-shaped moves.
Consider the boundaries of the chess board while calculating the positions.
The total possible positions for a knight on a chess board are 64.
Use file locking mechanism to ensure mutual exclusion.
Implement file locking mechanism to prevent simultaneous access to files.
Use semaphores or mutexes to ensure only one process can access a file at a time.
Implement a queue system to handle multiple requests and process them one by one.
Use transactional file systems to ensure atomicity of file operations.
Implement a timeout mechanism to prevent deadlocks.
Consider imp...
Implementing a hash table in code
Choose a hash function to map keys to indices in the table
Create an array to hold the values at each index
Handle collisions by using a collision resolution strategy
Implement methods for inserting, retrieving, and deleting values
Consider load factor and resizing the table if necessary
The given question asks to replace the value in each node of a binary search tree with the sum of all nodes greater than the current node.
Traverse the BST in reverse order (right, root, left)
Keep track of the sum of all greater nodes encountered so far
Update the value of each node with the sum and update the sum
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