80+ Interview Questions and Answers

Valuing a hotel company involves analyzing its financial statements, market trends, and competitive landscape.

• Analyze the company's financial statements, including revenue, expenses, and profit margins

• Research market trends and demand for hotel services in the company's location

• Assess the competitive landscape and the company's market share

• Consider the company's brand reputation and customer satisfaction ratings

• Evaluate the company's growth potential and future prospects

• Compa...read more

Valuing a company with no cash profit requires alternative methods such as discounted cash flow or comparable company analysis.

• Use discounted cash flow method to estimate future cash flows and discount them to present value

• Perform comparable company analysis by comparing the company to similar ones in the industry

• Consider the company's assets and liabilities to determine its net worth

• Evaluate the company's potential for future growth and profitability

• Look at the company's rev...read more

Bottom-up analysis involves analyzing individual components of a company or industry to form a complete picture.

• Start by analyzing individual companies or industries

• Look at financial statements, market trends, and industry reports

• Use this information to form a complete picture of the industry or market

• Example: Analyzing individual companies in the tech industry to form a complete picture of the industry as a whole

Calculating FCF, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, funding FCF deficit, and adjusting debt for off balance sheet leases in research analysis.

• To calculate Free Cash Flow (FCF), subtract capital expenditures from operating cash flow.

• EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) is calculated by adding back interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization to net income.

• Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA adjusted for non-recurring expenses, gains, or losses.

• To fund FCF de...read more

1. Shallow copy creates a new object but does not duplicate nested objects. Deep copy creates a new object and duplicates all nested objects. 2. Merging dataframes with different column names requires renaming columns. 3. Regex can be used to find characters and numbers of a specific length. 4. Spark fundamentals involve understanding distributed computing and data processing.

• Shallow copy: new object with same references to nested objects. Deep copy: new object with duplicate...read more

Money supply affects bond prices and interest rates.

• Money supply refers to the amount of money in circulation in an economy.

• An increase in money supply leads to lower interest rates and higher bond prices.

• A decrease in money supply leads to higher interest rates and lower bond prices.

• The Federal Reserve controls the money supply through various tools such as open market operations and reserve requirements.

• Bond prices and interest rates have an inverse relationship, meaning wh...read more

I select stocks based on fundamental analysis and market trends.

• I analyze the financial statements of the company to assess its financial health

• I research the industry and market trends to identify potential growth opportunities

• I consider the company's management team and their track record

• I evaluate the company's competitive advantage and market position

• I monitor the stock's price and trading volume for any significant changes

• Example: I invested in Apple Inc. after analyzing...read more

I would rate a bank based on its financial stability, asset quality, management quality, profitability, and market presence.

• Financial stability: Assess the bank's capital adequacy ratio, liquidity ratio, and non-performing assets.

• Asset quality: Evaluate the quality of the bank's loan portfolio and investment securities.

• Management quality: Look at the experience and track record of the bank's management team.

• Profitability: Analyze the bank's return on assets and return on equi...read more

Random Forest is an ensemble of decision trees that reduces overfitting and improves accuracy.

• Random Forest is a collection of decision trees that work together to make a prediction.

• Decision Tree is a single tree that predicts an outcome based on a set of rules.

• Random Forest reduces overfitting by randomly selecting a subset of features and data points for each tree.

• Decision Tree can overfit the data and may not generalize well to new data.

• Random Forest is more accurate than ...read more

The financial statements that help to give the company financial position are balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.

• Balance sheet shows the company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time.

• Income statement shows the company's revenue, expenses, and net income over a period of time.

• Cash flow statement shows the company's cash inflows and outflows over a period of time.

• These statements are important for investors, creditors, and managemen...read more

Assets are resources owned by a company, while liabilities are obligations or debts owed by a company.

• Assets are things of value that a company owns, such as cash, inventory, equipment, and property.

• Liabilities are debts or obligations that a company owes to others, such as loans, accounts payable, and bonds.

• The difference between assets and liabilities is important for determining a company's financial health and solvency.

A rice production company can be valued using various methods such as discounted cash flow, comparable company analysis, and precedent transactions.

• Consider the company's historical financial performance and future growth prospects

• Evaluate the company's assets, liabilities, and cash flow

• Compare the company to similar publicly traded rice production companies

• Look at recent transactions in the rice production industry to determine a fair valuation

DCF valuation method is a financial model used to estimate the value of a commercial real estate property based on its future cash flows.

• DCF stands for Discounted Cash Flow

• It involves projecting future cash flows of the property and discounting them back to their present value

• The discount rate used is typically the property's weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

• The final value obtained is the net present value (NPV) of the property

• DCF is widely used in commercial real esta...read more

You get #REF error in Excel when a cell reference is not valid, and you get #VALUE error when a formula includes the wrong type of argument or operand.

• You get #REF error when a formula refers to a cell that is not valid, such as a deleted cell or a cell in a different sheet.

• You get #VALUE error when a formula includes the wrong type of argument, such as text instead of a number, or when an operand is not valid for the function being used.

• For example, if you try to multiply te...read more

Capital Adequacy Ratio is a measure of a bank's capital in relation to its risk-weighted assets.

• CAR is calculated by dividing a bank's capital (numerator) by its risk-weighted assets (denominator).

• The numerator typically includes Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital, such as equity capital and retained earnings.

• The denominator consists of various types of assets weighted by their risk levels, such as loans, investments, and off-balance sheet items.

• A higher CAR indicates a bank has more ...read more

My auditing skills provide a strong foundation for financial analysis by ensuring accuracy, compliance, and identifying potential risks.

• Auditing involves examining financial records for accuracy and compliance, which is essential for conducting thorough financial analysis

• Auditors are trained to identify potential risks and discrepancies in financial statements, which can inform more accurate financial analysis

• Auditing skills include attention to detail, critical thinking, and...read more

Code to find common elements between two arrays

• Iterate through each element of the first array

• Check if the element exists in the second array

• If yes, add it to a new array or print it

RDBMS is a relational database management system. Objects in a database include tables, views, indexes, functions, stored procedures, constraints, and foreign keys. OLAP is for data analysis while OLTP is for transaction processing.

• RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System

• Objects in a database include tables, views, indexes, functions, stored procedures, constraints, and foreign keys

• OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) is used for data analysis and reporting

• OLTP (...read more

Financial statements are reports that provide information about a company's financial performance and position.

• Financial statements include the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.

• They help investors, creditors, and other stakeholders assess the financial health and stability of a company.

• Balance sheet shows the company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time.

• Income statement shows the company's revenues, expenses, and ...read more

To write a REST API from scratch, I would follow these steps:

• Define the resources and endpoints

• Choose a programming language and framework

• Implement CRUD operations for each resource

• Use HTTP methods and status codes correctly

• Add authentication and authorization

• Test the API using tools like Postman

• Document the API using tools like Swagger

CET1 Capital includes common equity tier 1 capital, which consists of common shares, retained earnings, and other comprehensive income.

• CET1 Capital is a component of Total Tier Capital used to measure a bank's financial strength.

• It includes common equity tier 1 capital, which consists of common shares, retained earnings, and other comprehensive income.

• Excludes items such as goodwill, intangible assets, and deferred tax assets.

Objects in Java can be created in multiple ways, including using new keyword, cloning, deserialization, and reflection.

• Using the 'new' keyword

• Cloning an existing object

• Deserialization from a file or network

• Using reflection to create objects dynamically

Query to delete duplicate rows in a table

• Use GROUP BY clause to group the rows by their unique values

• Use HAVING clause to filter out the groups with count greater than 1

• Use DELETE statement to delete the duplicate rows

Start bottom up research by identifying specific data points, analyzing them individually, and then synthesizing them into a larger conclusion.

• Identify specific data points or pieces of information relevant to the research topic

• Analyze each data point individually to understand its significance and implications

• Synthesize the individual data points into a larger conclusion or insight

• Use a structured approach to organize and analyze the data, such as creating a framework or mod...read more

Expected credit loss computation impacts traditional loss provision framework by incorporating forward-looking information and requiring more complex calculations.

• Expected credit loss computation considers future expected credit losses based on historical data, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

• Traditional loss provision framework typically only considers incurred losses based on historical data.

• Expected credit loss computation requires more complex...read more

Accounting ratios are financial metrics used to evaluate a company's performance and financial health.

• Accounting ratios are calculated using financial data from a company's financial statements.

• They are used to analyze a company's liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and solvency.

• Examples of accounting ratios include current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, gross profit margin, and return on investment.

• These ratios help investors, creditors, and management make informed decision...read more

Spring IOC is a container that manages the lifecycle of Java objects. Dependency Injection is a design pattern that allows objects to be loosely coupled.

• Spring IOC is a container that manages the creation and destruction of objects

• Dependency Injection is a design pattern that allows objects to be loosely coupled

• Spring IOC uses Dependency Injection to inject dependencies into objects

• Dependency Injection can be implemented without using Spring IOC

Current ratio is a financial ratio that measures a company's ability to pay its short-term obligations.

• Current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities.

• It is used to evaluate a company's liquidity and short-term financial health.

• A ratio of 1 or higher is generally considered good, indicating that the company can meet its short-term obligations.

• However, a very high current ratio may indicate that the company is not using its current assets efficien...read more

Some common Springboot annotations used in projects are @RestController, @Autowired, @RequestMapping, @Service, @Component, @Repository.

• @RestController - Used to define RESTful web services.

• @Autowired - Used for automatic dependency injection.

• @RequestMapping - Used to map web requests to specific handler methods.

• @Service - Used to indicate that a class is a service.

• @Component - Used to indicate that a class is a Spring component.

• @Repository - Used to indicate that a class is ...read more

SQL Triggers are special stored procedures that are automatically executed in response to certain events.

• Triggers are used to enforce business rules or to perform complex calculations.

• Syntax: CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name {BEFORE | AFTER} {INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE} ON table_name FOR EACH ROW {trigger_body}

• Trigger_body can contain SQL statements or calls to stored procedures/functions.

• Triggers can be disabled or enabled using ALTER TRIGGER statement.

• Triggers can be nested up to ...read more

The ratio of current assets and liabilities is a measure of a company's ability to pay off its short-term debts.

• Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities

• A ratio of 2:1 or higher is considered healthy

• Low ratio may indicate liquidity issues

• Example: If a company has $100,000 in current assets and $50,000 in current liabilities, its current ratio would be 2:1

Interface is a contract that defines the methods a class must implement, while abstract class can have both implemented and abstract methods.

• Interface methods are public and abstract by default, while abstract class can have abstract and non-abstract methods.

• A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only inherit from one abstract class.

• Interfaces are used to achieve multiple inheritance in Java, while abstract classes are used to provide a common base for subclasses.

• E...read more

Daawat (LTFOODS) is a leading brand in the rice industry known for its high-quality products and wide range of offerings.

• Daawat (LTFOODS) is a well-known brand in the rice industry.

• It offers a wide range of high-quality rice products such as Basmati rice, brown rice, and organic rice.

• Daawat (LTFOODS) is known for its commitment to quality and innovation in the rice market.

• The brand has a strong presence both in India and internationally.

• Daawat (LTFOODS) has won several awards...read more

Three financial statements used by companies to assess their financial performance.

• Income Statement: Shows a company's revenues, expenses, and profits over a specific period of time.

• Balance Sheet: Provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time, showing assets, liabilities, and equity.

• Cash Flow Statement: Details the cash inflows and outflows of a company, helping to assess its liquidity and financial health.

Top credit risk parameters in banking portfolio

• Probability of Default (PD)

• Loss Given Default (LGD)

• Exposure at Default (EAD)

• Credit Rating of the borrower

• Loan-to-Value ratio (LTV)

• Debt-to-Income ratio (DTI)

Financial ratios are tools used to evaluate a company's financial performance and health.

• Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet short-term obligations (ex: current ratio)

• Profitability ratios assess a company's ability to generate profits (ex: return on equity)

• Efficiency ratios evaluate how well a company utilizes its assets to generate sales (ex: asset turnover ratio)

• Leverage ratios indicate the level of debt a company has taken on (ex: debt-to-equity ratio)

PMJJBY is a government-backed life insurance scheme for Indian citizens.

• PMJJBY stands for Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

• It provides life insurance coverage of Rs. 2 lakhs at a premium of Rs. 330 per annum

• The scheme is available to Indian citizens between the ages of 18 and 50

• The policy is renewable on a yearly basis

• The scheme is administered by Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and other private insurance companies

PMSBY stands for Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, a government-backed insurance scheme in India.

• PMSBY is a personal accident insurance scheme launched in 2015.

• It provides accidental death and disability coverage to policyholders.

• The scheme is available to all Indian citizens between 18 and 70 years of age.

• The premium for the scheme is only Rs. 12 per annum.

• The sum assured for accidental death and disability is Rs. 2 lakh and Rs. 1 lakh, respectively.

Covenant is a financial agreement between a borrower and a lender that outlines the terms and conditions of a loan.

• Covenants are designed to protect the lender by ensuring the borrower meets certain financial ratios or performance metrics.

• There are two main types of covenants: affirmative covenants (requirements the borrower must meet) and negative covenants (restrictions on the borrower's actions).

• Examples of covenants include maintaining a minimum level of cash flow, limiti...read more

Rating agencies assess creditworthiness of companies and governments.

• Rating agencies analyze financial statements and economic data to determine credit ratings

• They assign letter grades to indicate creditworthiness and likelihood of default

• Ratings affect interest rates on bonds and loans, and can impact stock prices

• Agencies like Moody's, S&P, and Fitch are the most well-known in the industry

Tranches are portions of debt securities that are divided based on risk and return characteristics.

• Tranches are used in structured finance to divide a pool of assets into different risk and return categories.

• Each tranche has a different level of seniority, with the most senior tranche having the highest priority for repayment.

• Tranches can be rated by credit rating agencies based on their creditworthiness.

• Investors can choose to invest in a specific tranche based on their risk...read more

Serialization is the process of converting an object into a format that can be easily stored or transmitted.

• Serialization is used to convert complex data structures or objects into a stream of bytes.

• Serialized data can be stored in files, databases, or sent over a network.

• Common serialization formats include JSON, XML, and Protocol Buffers.

Credit rating is an evaluation of the creditworthiness of an individual or entity based on their financial history and ability to repay debts.

• Credit rating is a measure of the likelihood that a borrower will default on their debt obligations.

• It is assigned by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch.

• Credit ratings range from AAA (highest) to D (default).

• Higher credit ratings indicate lower risk of default and vice versa.

• Credit ratings are used by l...read more

Risk can be determined by analyzing financial statements, credit history, industry trends, and economic conditions.

• Analyze financial statements to assess liquidity, profitability, and leverage ratios

• Review credit history to evaluate past payment behavior and outstanding debts

• Consider industry trends and competitive landscape to understand external risks

• Assess economic conditions such as interest rates, inflation, and GDP growth for macroeconomic risks

SSY is not a commonly known acronym. It may have different meanings depending on the context.

• SSY could be a company name or a person's initials

• In some cases, SSY could stand for 'Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss'

• It could also be a typo or misspelling of another acronym or word

Operating lease is a short-term lease where the lessor retains ownership of the asset, while finance lease is a long-term lease where the lessee assumes ownership.

• Operating lease is typically used for assets with a shorter useful life, while finance lease is used for assets with a longer useful life.

• In an operating lease, the lessor is responsible for maintenance and repairs, while in a finance lease, the lessee is responsible.

• Operating lease payments are treated as operating...read more

RWA stands for Risk-Weighted Assets, which measures a bank's assets based on their risk levels. Leverage exposure is the ratio of a bank's assets to its capital.

• RWA is calculated by assigning risk weights to different assets based on their credit risk. For example, cash and government securities have lower risk weights compared to corporate loans.

• Leverage exposure is a measure of a bank's total assets relative to its capital. A higher leverage ratio indicates higher risk.

• Regu...read more

Lease accounting impacts financial statements by recognizing lease assets and liabilities, affecting key financial ratios and disclosures.

• Lease accounting changes how leases are recognized on financial statements, moving from off-balance sheet to on-balance sheet.

• It impacts key financial ratios such as debt-to-equity ratio, return on assets, and interest coverage ratio.

• Lease accounting requires additional disclosures in financial statements, providing more transparency to inv...read more

Modern portfolio theory is a mathematical framework for constructing investment portfolios.

• It was developed by Harry Markowitz in 1952

• It emphasizes diversification to minimize risk

• It uses statistical analysis to optimize portfolio returns

• It considers the correlation between assets

• It assumes investors are rational and risk-averse

INDas stands for Indian Accounting Standards, which are a set of accounting standards notified by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in India.

• INDas are based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to ensure transparency and consistency in financial reporting.

• They are mandatory for certain classes of companies in India, such as listed companies and certain other public companies.

• INDas aim to improve the quality of financial reporting and provide a common accounti...read more

KYC remediation is the process of updating and verifying customer information to ensure compliance with regulations.

• KYC stands for Know Your Customer

• Remediation involves reviewing and updating customer information

• The goal is to ensure compliance with regulations and reduce risk

• Examples of KYC remediation include verifying customer identities and reviewing transaction histories

The 5 Cs of credit analysis are character, capacity, capital, collateral, and conditions.

• Character refers to the borrower's reputation and credit history.

• Capacity assesses the borrower's ability to repay the loan based on income and existing debts.

• Capital looks at the borrower's assets and net worth.

• Collateral is the property or assets that can be used as security for the loan.

• Conditions consider the economic environment and purpose of the loan.

The country that starts with the letter 'I' is India.

• India is a country located in South Asia.

• Its capital city is New Delhi.

• It is known for its diverse culture, history, and cuisine.

Loans process involves application, approval, disbursement, and repayment.

• Application: Borrower submits application with required documents.

• Approval: Lender reviews application, credit history, and financials.

• Disbursement: Once approved, funds are disbursed to borrower.

• Repayment: Borrower makes scheduled payments with interest.

• Example: A borrower applies for a mortgage loan, lender approves based on credit score, funds are disbursed for home purchase, borrower repays over 30 ...read more

Loan pricing is determined based on various factors such as creditworthiness, market conditions, and loan term.

• Loan pricing is influenced by the borrower's credit score and financial history.

• Market conditions, such as interest rates and economic outlook, also impact loan pricing.

• The term of the loan, including the length of repayment and type of interest rate (fixed or variable), plays a role in pricing.

• Lenders may also consider the purpose of the loan and the borrower's debt...read more

Syndication of loans involves multiple lenders coming together to fund a single loan.

• Syndication allows for spreading the risk among multiple lenders.

• It can help in funding large loans that may be too risky for a single lender to take on.

• Syndicated loans are common in corporate finance and real estate.

• Lenders may join syndicates to gain exposure to different industries or regions.

Reverse a given string

• Use a loop to iterate through the characters of the string

• Swap the characters from start to end to reverse the string

• Return the reversed string

Dynamic webtables can be handled using techniques like identifying unique attributes, using loops to iterate through rows and columns, and utilizing XPath or CSS selectors.

• Identify unique attributes of the webtable such as class, id, or other attributes to locate and interact with the table

• Use loops to iterate through rows and columns of the webtable to extract data or perform actions on specific cells

• Utilize XPath or CSS selectors to target specific elements within the dynam...read more

I will achieve target by setting clear goals, creating a strategic plan, motivating my team, monitoring progress, and making adjustments as needed.

• Set clear and achievable sales targets

• Develop a strategic plan to reach targets

• Motivate and train sales team to perform at their best

• Regularly monitor progress towards targets

• Make adjustments to strategies as needed

Valuation techniques are methods used to determine the value of a company or asset.

• Common valuation techniques include discounted cash flow (DCF), comparable company analysis, and precedent transactions analysis.

• DCF involves estimating the future cash flows of a company and discounting them back to present value.

• Comparable company analysis involves comparing the financial metrics of a target company to similar publicly traded companies.

• Precedent transactions analysis involves...read more

Structured finance refers to complex financial transactions that involve the pooling and repackaging of assets to create new financial instruments.

• Structured finance involves the creation of securities backed by a pool of assets, such as mortgages, loans, or receivables.

• These assets are typically divided into tranches with different levels of risk and return.

• Examples of structured finance instruments include collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), mortgage-backed securities (...read more

Black Scholes model assumptions include constant volatility, risk-free rate, lognormal distribution of stock prices, and no dividends.

• Constant volatility: Assumes that the volatility of the underlying asset's returns is constant over time.

• Risk-free rate: Assumes that investors can borrow and lend money at a risk-free rate.

• Lognormal distribution of stock prices: Assumes that stock prices follow a lognormal distribution.

• No dividends: Assumes that the underlying asset does not p...read more

Current CTC is confidential. Expectation is based on industry standards and job responsibilities.

• Current CTC is in line with market rates for similar roles

• Expectation is based on the level of experience and expertise required for the position

• Open to negotiation based on additional benefits or perks offered

Investment banks (IBs) earn money through various services such as underwriting, advisory services, trading, and asset management.

• Underwriting services involve helping companies issue stocks and bonds, earning fees in the process.

• Advisory services include providing financial advice on mergers and acquisitions, earning advisory fees.

• Trading involves buying and selling securities on behalf of clients, earning commissions or spreads.

• Asset management services involve managing cli...read more

The CR and CFO have a close relationship as the CFO plays a crucial role in managing the company's financials, which affects its credit rating.

• The CFO is responsible for financial reporting and ensuring compliance with accounting standards, which impacts the company's creditworthiness.

• The CFO also manages the company's cash flow and liquidity, which are important factors in determining its credit rating.

• The CR and CFO work together to ensure that the company's financial state...read more

The Diary is a personal companion that helps you organize your thoughts and memories.

• The Diary is a great tool for self-reflection and personal growth.

• It allows you to keep track of your daily activities and goals.

• You can use it to jot down your ideas, inspirations, and dreams.

• It's a safe space to express your emotions and feelings.

• The Diary is also a great way to preserve your memories and experiences for future generations.