40+ Interview Questions and Answers

Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP where a new class is derived from an existing class.

• Allows for code reusability and saves time

• Derived class inherits properties and methods of base class

• Can override base class methods in derived class

• Can have multiple levels of inheritance

• Example: class Dog extends Animal {}

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and dependency.

• 1NF (First Normal Form) - Each column in a table must have atomic values.

• 2NF (Second Normal Form) - A table must be in 1NF and all non-key attributes must be dependent on the primary key.

• 3NF (Third Normal Form) - A table must be in 2NF and all non-key attributes must be independent of each other.

• 4NF (Fourth Normal Form) - A table must be in 3NF and have no multi-valued dependenci...read more

Find the first character that repeats in a given string.

• Iterate through the string and keep track of characters seen so far.

• If a character is already seen, return it as the first repeating character.

• If no repeating character is found, return null.

Answering questions related to frontend frameworks, CSS layers, HTML/CSS tags, and web development tools.

• Frontend frameworks include React, Angular, Vue, etc.

• CSS layers include presentation, layout, and behavior.

• Checkbox is a form element that allows users to select one or more options.

• Web development tools include VS Code, Sublime Text, Atom, etc.

• HTML tags include

  ,

  , , etc.

• CSS tags include color, font-size, margin, etc.

A stack is a data structure that follows the Last In First Out (LIFO) principle.

• Stack is a linear data structure with two main operations: push (adds an element) and pop (removes the top element).

• Overflowing condition for stack occurs when trying to push an element into a full stack.

• A binary tree is a hierarchical data structure where each node has at most two children.

• Depth First Search (DFS) traversal uses a stack data structure to keep track of nodes to visit.

Functional components are stateless components in React that are defined as functions, while class components are stateful components defined as ES6 classes.

• Functional components are simpler and easier to read/write compared to class components

• Functional components do not have access to lifecycle methods or state, while class components do

• Class components can have local state and use lifecycle methods like componentDidMount, componentDidUpdate, etc.

• Functional components can b...read more

Count the frequency of each element in a string

• Create a dictionary to store the count of each element

• Iterate through the string and update the count in the dictionary

• Return the dictionary with frequencies of each element

An application running in cloud with tightly coupled infrastructure can be deployed to on-premise by decoupling the components and using containerization.

• Decouple the application components to make them more portable

• Use containerization technologies like Docker to package the application and its dependencies

• Deploy the containerized application to on-premise servers using tools like Kubernetes for orchestration

My favorite programming language is Python because of its simplicity, readability, and versatility.

• Simplicity of syntax makes it easy to learn and use

• Readability allows for efficient collaboration with other developers

• Versatility in application across various domains such as web development, data analysis, and automation

For cost management on a cloud, monitor usage, optimize resources, use cost allocation tags, leverage reserved instances, and consider spot instances.

• Monitor usage regularly to identify any inefficiencies or unused resources

• Optimize resources by right-sizing instances and using auto-scaling

• Use cost allocation tags to track spending by project or department

• Leverage reserved instances for predictable workloads to save costs

• Consider using spot instances for non-critical workload...read more

Use a tool like Rails migration to add a new column to the database table in production with 100 million data.

• Create a new Rails migration file to add the new column to the database table.

• Test the migration locally to ensure it works as expected.

• Deploy the migration to the production environment during a maintenance window to avoid downtime.

• Consider using tools like ActiveRecord's `change_column` method to efficiently add the new column to a large dataset.

Microservices offer scalability and flexibility but can increase complexity and require careful management.

• Pros: Scalability, flexibility, independent deployment, technology diversity

• Cons: Increased complexity, communication overhead, data consistency challenges

• Example: Netflix uses microservices to handle millions of requests daily

• Example: Amazon migrated to microservices to improve agility and scalability

Heap and stack memory are two types of memory storage in computer systems. Heap memory is used for dynamic memory allocation, while stack memory is used for static memory allocation.

• Heap memory is used for storing objects that are created at runtime and can be accessed randomly.

• Stack memory is used for storing local variables and function call information.

• Example: When a new object is created using 'new' keyword in Java, it is stored in heap memory. Local variables in a funct...read more

Application security is maintained through regular security assessments, code reviews, penetration testing, and implementing security best practices.

• Regular security assessments to identify vulnerabilities

• Code reviews to ensure secure coding practices are followed

• Penetration testing to simulate attacks and identify weaknesses

• Implementing security best practices such as input validation, encryption, and access control

• Using tools like firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusio...read more

A template is a pre-designed format used as a starting point for a document or file. A literal is a value that is written exactly as it is.

• Template: Used as a starting point for documents or files

• Literal: Value written exactly as it is

• Example: Template for a resume, literal value 'Hello World'

As a BD, I will identify new business opportunities, build relationships with potential clients, and negotiate deals.

• Research and identify potential clients and markets

• Develop and maintain relationships with clients and partners

• Negotiate and close deals

• Collaborate with internal teams to develop proposals and solutions

• Stay up-to-date with industry trends and market changes

ELK is a monitoring tool that stands for Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana.

• ELK is a combination of three open-source tools: Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana.

• Elasticsearch is a search and analytics engine that stores and indexes data.

• Logstash is a data processing pipeline that ingests, processes, and sends data to Elasticsearch.

• Kibana is a visualization tool that allows users to interact with data stored in Elasticsearch.

• ELK is commonly used for log management, monitoring...read more

Smoke testing is a preliminary testing to check if the software build is stable enough for further testing.

• Smoke testing is a type of non-exhaustive testing

• It is performed to ensure that the critical functionalities of the software are working fine

• It is usually done after a new build is received

• It helps in identifying the major issues early in the testing cycle

• Example: Checking if the login page is working fine after a new build is received

To swap 2 variables without using a third one, use arithmetic operations.

• Add the values of both variables and store the result in one of the variables.

• Subtract the value of the second variable from the sum and store the result in the second variable.

• Subtract the value of the first variable from the sum and store the result in the first variable.

Debugging a stripped process involves using tools like GDB, analyzing memory dumps, and reverse engineering.

• Use a debugger like GDB to analyze the stripped process

• Analyze memory dumps to identify issues and trace the program flow

• Utilize reverse engineering techniques to understand the code behavior

• Look for patterns in the stripped process to identify potential bugs

Pillars of OOPs are Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Abstraction. Data science involves analyzing and interpreting complex data. ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

• Pillars of OOPs: Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Abstraction

• Data science: Analyzing and interpreting complex data to gain insights

• ACID: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

Regression testing is testing the entire system after changes while retesting is testing only the failed test cases.

• Regression testing is done to ensure that changes made to the system do not affect the existing functionality.

• Retesting is done to ensure that the defects found in the previous test cycle have been fixed.

• Regression testing is done after every build while retesting is done after every defect fix.

• Regression testing is time-consuming while retesting is less time-co...read more

Developed a predictive model to identify potential customers for a bank

• Gathered and cleaned data on customer demographics, financial history, and behavior

• Performed exploratory data analysis to identify patterns and correlations

• Developed and trained a machine learning model using logistic regression

• Evaluated model performance using metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall

• Deployed the model in a web application for use by bank employees

Burpsuite is a web application security testing tool used for scanning, analyzing, and exploiting web applications.

• Burpsuite can intercept and modify HTTP/S requests and responses

• It can be used for scanning web applications for vulnerabilities

• Burpsuite includes tools for spidering, scanning, and intruder attacks

• It has a repeater tool for manually manipulating and re-sending requests

• Burpsuite can be used for session handling and authentication testing

Validation of microservices involves ensuring that each microservice functions correctly and integrates seamlessly with other services.

• Validate each microservice individually to ensure it meets its functional requirements

• Test the integration between microservices to ensure seamless communication

• Perform end-to-end testing to validate the entire system

• Use tools like unit testing frameworks, contract testing, and service virtualization

• Implement monitoring and logging to identify...read more

I have created interactive dashboards using Tableau to visualize and analyze data for various projects.

• Utilized Tableau to connect to data sources and create interactive visualizations

• Designed dashboards with filters, drill-down capabilities, and dynamic elements

• Included key performance indicators (KPIs) and trend analysis in the dashboards

• Used color coding and data labels to enhance data interpretation

• Shared dashboards with stakeholders for decision-making purposes

Compensation exceptions can be made for exceptional performance or unique circumstances.

• Compensation exceptions should be rare and well-justified.

• Exceptions can be made for exceptional performance, such as exceeding sales targets.

• Exceptions can also be made for unique circumstances, such as a sudden increase in workload or a change in job responsibilities.

• Any exceptions should be approved by upper management and documented for transparency.

• Regular compensation reviews should ...read more

OOPs concept stands for Object-Oriented Programming, a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects.

• OOPs focuses on creating objects that contain data in the form of attributes and code in the form of methods.

• Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction are the four main principles of OOPs.

• Example: In a banking system, a 'Customer' object can have attributes like name and account number, and methods like deposit and withdraw.