70+ Richmond Technologies Interview Questions and Answers

Options to take over a higher-privilege account with an existing lower-privilege account.

• Use privilege escalation techniques to gain higher privileges

• Exploit vulnerabilities in the system to gain access to higher-privilege accounts

• Use social engineering to obtain login credentials for higher-privilege accounts

• Use brute-force attacks to crack passwords for higher-privilege accounts

Yes, interfaces can be overridden in Java using the 'default' keyword.

• Interfaces can be overridden in Java 8 or later using the 'default' keyword.

• The 'default' keyword allows us to provide a default implementation for a method in an interface.

• If a class implements an interface with a default method, it can choose to override the default implementation.

• Overriding a default method is done by simply providing a new implementation in the implementing class.

• Overriding a default me...read more

Blind XSS is a type of XSS attack where the attacker does not receive the output of the injected script.

• Blind XSS is also known as non-persistent XSS.

• It is difficult to detect as the attacker does not receive any feedback.

• One technique to find Blind XSS is to use a tool like Burp Suite to inject a payload and monitor the server response.

• Another technique is to use a third-party service like XSS Hunter to track the payload and receive notifications when it is triggered.

• Prevent...read more

The best way to send CSRF token in client-server communication is through HTTP headers.

• HTTP headers are the most secure way to send CSRF tokens.

• The token should be sent in the 'X-CSRF-Token' header.

• The header should be set to 'SameSite=Strict' to prevent cross-site request forgery attacks.

• The token should be regenerated for each session to prevent replay attacks.

Write a program to print all the alphabets from a given string.

• Loop through each character in the string

• Check if the character is an alphabet using isalpha() function

• If it is an alphabet, add it to a new string

• Print the new string

Explaining manual and automation testing, types of bugs, HTTP methods, sanity testing, functional testing, retesting, regression testing, iframe and multiple windows handling.

• Manual testing is done manually by a tester, while automation testing is done using tools and scripts.

• Bugs can be functional, performance, security, usability, etc.

• HTTP methods include GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, CONNECT, TRACE.

• Sanity testing is done to check if the basic functionalities of th...read more

Java program to find maximum profit from buying and selling books on different days.

• Create an array to store the prices of books on different days

• Iterate through the array to find the maximum profit by buying on one day and selling on another

• Calculate profit by subtracting buying price from selling price

• Return the maximum profit obtained

Code example of method overriding in Java

• Create a parent class with a method

• Create a child class that extends the parent class and overrides the method

• Instantiate the child class and call the method to see the overridden behavior

There are numerous types of XSS attacks. Mitigation involves input validation and output encoding.

• There are three main types of XSS attacks: stored, reflected, and DOM-based.

• Mitigation involves input validation to ensure that user input is safe and output encoding to prevent malicious code from being executed.

• Examples of input validation include limiting the length of input and restricting the types of characters that can be used.

• Examples of output encoding include HTML entit...read more

Use two go routines to print numbers 1-100 sequentially

• Create two go routines, one for printing odd numbers and one for printing even numbers

• Use channels to synchronize the two go routines and ensure sequential printing

• Start the odd number go routine first, then start the even number go routine

To run multiple test cases in parallel using multithreading, create separate threads for each test case and manage synchronization.

• Create a thread pool to manage multiple threads for running test cases in parallel.

• Implement synchronization mechanisms like locks or semaphores to prevent race conditions.

• Ensure that the test cases are independent of each other to avoid interference.

• Use a testing framework that supports parallel execution, such as TestNG or JUnit.

• Monitor the exec...read more

My favorite vulnerability is SQL injection.

• SQL injection is a type of attack where an attacker injects malicious SQL code into a database query.

• It can be used to steal sensitive information, modify or delete data, or even take control of the entire database.

• Preventing SQL injection involves using parameterized queries, input validation, and proper error handling.

• Examples of high-profile SQL injection attacks include the 2015 Ashley Madison hack and the 2011 Sony Pictures hack...read more

Generator functions in Go language allow for efficient iteration over a sequence of values.

• Use the 'yield' keyword to return values one at a time from the generator function.

• Generator functions are defined with a 'func' keyword followed by the function name and 'chan' keyword.

• Example: func myGenerator() chan int { }

• Use a 'for' loop to iterate over the values returned by the generator function.

Frameworks are tools that provide structure and guidelines for developing software applications. Technologies are the specific tools and languages used in development.

• Frameworks like Angular, React, and Spring provide pre-built components and architecture for web development.

• Technologies like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Java, and SQL are commonly used in software development.

• Choosing the right framework and technologies depends on the project requirements and team expertise.

An invoice is a document that lists the products or services provided by a seller and the amount due from the buyer.

• An invoice includes the seller's name and contact information

• It also includes the buyer's name and contact information

• The date of the transaction is mentioned

• The products or services provided are listed along with their prices

• The total amount due is calculated and mentioned

• Any taxes or discounts are also mentioned

• Payment terms and methods are included

• Invoice num...read more

Scenario Outline is used in Gherkin to run the same scenario multiple times with different inputs. Background sets up preconditions for all scenarios. Hooks are used for setup and teardown tasks.

• Scenario Outline is used to run the same scenario with different inputs by using placeholders in the steps.

• Background is used to set up preconditions that apply to all scenarios in a feature file.

• Hooks are used for setup and teardown tasks that run before and after scenarios or featur...read more

Use a CSV parser library to extract data from CSV files.

• Use a CSV parser library like Apache Commons CSV or OpenCSV to read and extract data from CSV files.

• Identify the structure of the CSV file (e.g. delimiter, headers) to properly parse the data.

• Iterate through the CSV file to extract the desired data fields.

• Handle any data formatting or transformations needed during extraction.

• Store the extracted data in a suitable data structure for further processing.

Singleton pattern is a design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object.

• Singleton pattern ensures that a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.

• It is commonly used in scenarios where only a single instance of a class is needed, such as managing database connections or configuration settings.

• In a test automation framework, singleton pattern can be used to create a single instance of a driver object for browser automation...read more

Run-time polymorphism is the ability of a method to do different things based on the object it is acting upon.

• Run-time polymorphism is achieved through method overriding in inheritance.

• It allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its superclass.

• An example of run-time polymorphism is when a parent class reference variable is used to refer to a child class object.

Designing a framework involves identifying the scope, selecting the right tools, creating a structure, and implementing it.

• Identify the scope of the framework

• Select the right tools and technologies

• Create a structure for the framework

• Implement the framework and test it

• Ensure the framework is scalable and maintainable

sync.Cond is used for signaling between goroutines and sync.Once is used for running initialization code only once.

• sync.Cond is used for goroutines to wait for or signal each other when a certain condition is met

• sync.Once is used to ensure a function is only executed once, typically used for initialization tasks

• Example: Using sync.Cond to coordinate multiple goroutines accessing a shared resource

• Example: Using sync.Once to initialize a singleton instance in a thread-safe mann...read more

I have worked on various load testing tools and technologies such as JMeter, LoadRunner, and Gatling.

• Experience in creating and executing load test scenarios

• Expertise in analyzing test results and identifying performance bottlenecks

• Provided solutions for improving application performance

• Familiarity with cloud-based load testing solutions like BlazeMeter and LoadNinja

let, var and const are all used to declare variables in JavaScript, but they have different scopes and mutability.

• let is block-scoped and can be reassigned, var is function-scoped and can be reassigned, const is block-scoped and cannot be reassigned

• Using let:

• let x = 10;

• x = 20; // valid

• Using var:

• var y = 5;

• y = 10; // valid

• Using const:

• const z = 15;

• z = 25; // error, cannot reassign a const variable

Answering questions related to software quality analysis

• Dimension and Point classes are used in software testing to represent the size and location of objects on a screen

• Screenshots in Selenium can be taken using the TakesScreenshot interface and getScreenshotAs() method

• Synchronization is the process of ensuring that the application waits for a certain condition to be met before proceeding with the next step

• Parameterization is the process of passing values as parameters to a ...read more

WAP to reverse a string using while loop.

• Declare a string variable and initialize it with the input string

• Declare an empty string variable to store the reversed string

• Use a while loop to iterate through the input string from the end to the beginning

• Append each character to the empty string variable

• Print the reversed string

Billing customers in SAP ISU involves creating billing documents based on meter reads.

• Billing in SAP ISU involves creating billing documents using transaction code EA16

• Different meter reads include actual reads, estimated reads, and manual reads

• Actual reads are readings taken directly from the meter, estimated reads are calculated based on previous consumption patterns, and manual reads are entered by the user

Java8 features include lambda expressions, streams, and functional interfaces.

• Lambda expressions provide concise syntax for functional programming.

• Streams allow for efficient processing of large data sets.

• Functional interfaces enable the use of lambda expressions.

• Optional class helps to avoid null pointer exceptions.

• Default methods allow for adding new methods to interfaces without breaking existing implementations.

Extract letters, digits, and special characters from a string and display as individual strings

• Use regular expressions to extract letters, digits, and special characters

• Split the string based on the extracted characters

• Store the individual strings in an array

RPA stands for Robotic Process Automation. It is a technology that uses software robots to automate repetitive tasks.

• RPA is a technology that uses software robots to automate repetitive tasks.

• It helps in streamlining business processes and improving efficiency.

• There are three types of robots in RPA: Attended robots, Unattended robots, and Hybrid robots.

• Attended robots work alongside humans and assist them in completing tasks.

• Unattended robots work independently without human ...read more

CRLF stands for Carriage Return Line Feed. It is a sequence of characters used to represent a line break in text files.

• CRLF consists of two ASCII control characters: CR (carriage return) and LF (line feed).

• It is commonly used in HTTP headers to separate lines of text.

• CRLF can be exploited by attackers to inject malicious code or perform attacks such as HTTP response splitting.

• To prevent such attacks, input validation and output encoding should be implemented.

• Examples of CRLF:...read more

SQLi is a type of injection attack where an attacker injects malicious SQL code into a vulnerable application to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data.

• SQLi involves exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications that allow user input to be executed as SQL commands

• Attackers can use SQLi to bypass authentication, access sensitive data, modify or delete data, and even take control of the entire database

• Mitigation techniques include using prepared statements, input validatio...read more

Automation is more efficient than manual testing due to faster execution, repeatability, scalability, and coverage.

• Automation allows for faster execution of test cases compared to manual testing.

• Automated tests can be easily repeated multiple times without human error.

• Automation can be scaled to run tests on multiple configurations and environments simultaneously.

• Automated tests can cover a wider range of scenarios and edge cases compared to manual testing.

• Automation reduces ...read more

CTE stands for Common Table Expression and is used to create a temporary result set that can be referenced within a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

• CTE is used to simplify complex queries by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable parts.

• It can be used to create recursive queries, which are queries that reference themselves.

• CTE is defined using the WITH keyword followed by the name of the CTE and the SELECT statement that defines it.

• The result set of a CTE...read more

Magic table is a temporary table created by SQL Server during DML operations.

• It is also known as inserted and deleted tables.

• Inserted table contains the new rows being added to a table.

• Deleted table contains the rows being deleted from a table.

• It is used in triggers to access the data being modified.

• It cannot be directly queried or modified by the user.

Extension methods allow adding new methods to existing types without modifying the original type.

• Extension methods are defined as static methods in a static class.

• They must be in the same namespace as the type being extended.

• They are called like instance methods on the extended type.

• They can be used to add functionality to third-party or system types.

• Example: adding a method to the string type to convert a string to title case.

I have used T codes such as FBL5N, FBL1N, FB50, FB60, FB70 in SAP ISU for various testing purposes.

• FBL5N - Display Customer Line Items

• FBL1N - Display Vendor Line Items

• FB50 - G/L Account Posting

• FB60 - Vendor Invoice Posting

• FB70 - Customer Invoice Posting

Callback hell arises from nested callbacks in asynchronous JavaScript code, leading to unreadable and difficult-to-maintain code.

• Nested callbacks in asynchronous code can lead to deeply nested code structures, making it hard to follow the flow of the program.

• Error handling becomes more complex in callback hell, as errors need to be propagated through multiple levels of callbacks.

• Callback hell can also result in code that is difficult to debug and maintain over time.

• Using prom...read more

Performance testing involves evaluating the speed, responsiveness, and stability of a system under various conditions.

• Performance testing is used to identify bottlenecks, assess system capacity, and ensure reliability.

• It involves simulating real-world scenarios to measure the system's response time, throughput, and resource utilization.

• Performance engineering focuses on optimizing system performance through design, development, and testing.

• Common tools for performance testing...read more

Our current project framework is based on Selenium WebDriver and TestNG.

• We use Selenium WebDriver for automating web application testing.

• TestNG is used for test management and reporting.

• We follow Page Object Model design pattern for better code maintainability.

• We use Maven for project build and dependency management.

• We integrate with Jenkins for continuous integration and deployment.

Challenges in implementing frameworks and how they can be overcome

• Challenges include resistance to change, lack of resources, and difficulty in implementation

• Frameworks provide structure and guidance for addressing challenges

• Examples of frameworks include Agile, Six Sigma, and ITIL

Framework explanation and implementations

• A framework is a set of tools, libraries, and best practices used to develop software applications

• Frameworks provide a structure for developers to build upon, reducing the need to reinvent the wheel

• Examples of frameworks include React for front-end web development and Django for back-end web development

Java program to remove duplicates from an array of strings using OOPs concepts.

• Create a HashSet to store unique strings.

• Iterate through the array and add each string to the HashSet.

• Convert the HashSet back to an array to get the unique strings.

Xpath for a feature in Flipkart website

• Use Chrome DevTools to inspect the element and generate xpath

• Start with double forward slash (//) to select any element on the page

• Use attributes like class, id, text, etc. to narrow down the selection

• Consider using contains() function for dynamic elements

The question is asking about the ability to write complex logical programs.

• Demonstrate understanding of complex logical structures like loops, conditionals, and functions

• Provide examples of solving complex problems using logical programming

• Discuss experience with debugging and optimizing logical programs

Defered Execution is a technique where the execution of a query or operation is delayed until it is actually needed.

• Defered Execution is used in LINQ queries to improve performance by delaying the execution of the query until the results are actually needed.

• It allows for more efficient use of resources by avoiding unnecessary computations.

• Examples of Defered Execution include using the .Where() method in LINQ to filter a collection, or using the .Take() method to limit the nu...read more

Var is used to declare implicitly typed local variables, while Ref is used for passing arguments by reference.

• Var keyword allows the compiler to infer the type of the variable based on the assigned value.

• Ref keyword is used to pass arguments by reference, allowing the called method to modify the original value.

• Var example: var number = 10; // Compiler infers the type as int

• Ref example: void ModifyValue(ref int value) { value = 20; } // Changes the original value passed by ref...read more

CSRF is a type of attack where a malicious website tricks a user into performing an action on a different website.

• The attacker creates a website with a form that submits a request to the target website

• The user visits the attacker's website and submits the form, unknowingly performing an action on the target website

• The target website cannot distinguish between a legitimate request and the forged request from the attacker's website

• Examples include changing a user's password or ...read more

XSS or Cross-Site Scripting is a type of security vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

• Reflected XSS: The attacker injects a script that is reflected back to the user through a search query or form input.

• Stored XSS: The attacker injects a script that is stored on the server and executed whenever the user visits the affected page.

• DOM-based XSS: The attacker exploits a vulnerability in the client-side script to inj...read more

Closure is the process of finalizing or resolving something, often involving emotional healing or acceptance.

• Closure is the act of coming to terms with a situation or relationship that has ended.

• It involves accepting the reality of the situation and moving forward.

• Closure can help individuals find peace and emotional healing after a difficult experience.

• Examples of closure include talking things out with a friend after a disagreement, or attending a funeral to say goodbye to ...read more

Event loop is a mechanism in programming that allows for asynchronous execution of code by continuously checking and processing events.

• Event loop is commonly used in JavaScript to handle asynchronous operations.

• It allows for non-blocking I/O operations by delegating tasks to the operating system.

• Event loop processes events from the event queue and executes associated callback functions.

• Example: setTimeout() function in JavaScript uses event loop to schedule the execution of a...read more

Agile is a flexible and iterative approach to project management, while SAFe agile is a framework for scaling Agile to larger organizations.

• Agile focuses on individual teams working in short iterations, while SAFe agile extends this to multiple teams and departments working together.

• Agile values individuals and interactions over processes and tools, while SAFe agile emphasizes alignment, collaboration, and delivery across multiple teams.

• Agile encourages adaptability and respo...read more

Regression testing is the process of retesting a software application to ensure that new code changes have not adversely affected existing functionality.

• Regression testing is performed after code changes to verify that the existing features still work correctly.

• It helps in identifying any defects introduced by new code changes.

• Automated testing tools are often used for regression testing to save time and effort.

• Examples of regression testing include running test cases that co...read more

Defect life cycle is the process of identifying, reporting, prioritizing, fixing, and verifying defects in software testing.

• Defect identification: Finding and reporting defects in the software.

• Defect prioritization: Determining the severity and impact of the defect.

• Defect fixing: Correcting the defect in the code.

• Defect verification: Testing the fixed defect to ensure it has been resolved.

• Defect closure: Closing the defect after it has been verified and approved.

• Examples of d...read more

M2 in Maven refers to the directory where Maven stores all the downloaded dependencies for a project.

• M2 is the default directory where Maven stores all the downloaded dependencies for a project.

• It is located in the user's home directory under a folder named '.m2'.

• This directory contains subdirectories like 'repository' where all the project dependencies are stored.

Static polymorphism is resolved at compile time while runtime polymorphism is resolved at runtime.

• Static polymorphism is achieved through function overloading and operator overloading.

• Examples of static polymorphism include compile-time polymorphism in C++.

• Runtime polymorphism is achieved through virtual functions and function overriding.

• Examples of runtime polymorphism include dynamic polymorphism in Java.

Write programs in Python and Java to demonstrate basic programming skills.

• Write a program in Python to calculate the factorial of a number.

• Write a program in Java to find the sum of all elements in an array.

Tools commonly used for database testing include SQL Server Management Studio, MySQL Workbench, and Oracle SQL Developer.

• SQL Server Management Studio

• MySQL Workbench

• Oracle SQL Developer

Find duplicates in a string

• Iterate through the string and keep track of the frequency of each character

• If the frequency of a character is greater than 1, it is a duplicate

• Return the list of duplicate characters

final, finally, and finalize are keywords in Java with different meanings.

• final is a keyword used to declare a constant value that cannot be modified

• finally is a block used in exception handling to ensure a piece of code is always executed

• finalize is a method in the Object class used for garbage collection before an object is destroyed

My framework for projects typically involves a combination of Agile methodologies and traditional architectural principles.

• I prioritize collaboration and adaptability in project planning and execution.

• I utilize tools such as Jira and Trello to track progress and manage tasks.

• I believe in iterative development and continuous feedback to ensure project success.

A digital signature is a mathematical technique used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital document or message.

• It is a type of electronic signature that uses encryption to ensure the validity of a document or message.

• It provides a way to verify the identity of the signer and detect any changes made to the document or message.

• Digital signatures are commonly used in e-commerce, online contracts, and other digital transactions.

• Examples of digital signature standa...read more

Accounting principles are the guidelines and rules that companies must follow when preparing financial statements.

• Accounting principles ensure consistency and accuracy in financial reporting.

• There are several accounting principles, including the matching principle, revenue recognition principle, and the cost principle.

• These principles are established by accounting standard-setting bodies such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting ...read more

Selenium waits are used to make the automation script wait for a certain condition to be met before proceeding.

• Selenium provides different types of waits such as implicit wait, explicit wait, and fluent wait.

• Implicit wait sets a default waiting time for the elements to be found before throwing an exception.

• Explicit wait allows the automation script to wait for a specific condition to be met before proceeding.

• Fluent wait is used to define maximum wait time for a certain condit...read more

Test life cycle is the process of planning, designing, executing, and evaluating tests throughout the software development life cycle.

• Includes test planning, test design, test execution, and test closure

• Involves creating test cases, executing them, and analyzing results

• Ensures that software meets quality standards and requirements

• Iterative process that may involve multiple cycles of testing

Testing annotations are used in automation testing to provide additional information about test methods.

• Annotations are used to provide metadata about the test methods in automation testing frameworks.

• Annotations can be used to specify the order of test execution, dependencies between tests, and other configurations.

• Examples of testing annotations include @Test, @Before, @After, @DataProvider, @Parameters, etc.

Expectation is a belief about what will happen in the future.

• Expectation is a mental state anticipating a certain outcome.

• It can be based on past experiences, assumptions, or hopes.

• Expectations can influence behavior and emotions.

• For example, expecting a promotion at work can motivate someone to work harder.

• However, unrealistic expectations can lead to disappointment.

Sets do not allow duplicate elements, while lists allow duplicate elements.

• Sets do not maintain insertion order, while lists maintain insertion order.

• Sets are implemented using HashSet, TreeSet, or LinkedHashSet in Java, while lists are implemented using ArrayList or LinkedList.

• Sets are used when you want to ensure uniqueness of elements, while lists are used when you want to allow duplicates.

A framework is a reusable set of libraries or tools that provide a structure for developing software applications.

• Framework provides a foundation for building software applications

• It includes pre-written code, libraries, and tools to help developers

• Frameworks can be specific to a programming language or platform

• Examples: React for front-end web development, Django for back-end web development

I have 8 years of experience in QA testing, including manual and automated testing.

• Experience in creating test plans, test cases, and test scripts

• Proficient in using testing tools like Selenium, JIRA, and TestRail

• Strong knowledge of different testing methodologies (e.g., black box, white box, regression)

• Experience in testing web applications, mobile apps, and APIs

• Familiarity with Agile and Scrum methodologies

• Experience in leading a team of QA testers

• Ability to identify and re...read more

Object-oriented programming paradigm that focuses on objects and classes for code organization and reusability.

• Encapsulation: bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (object)

• Inheritance: ability of a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class

• Polymorphism: ability to present the same interface for different data types

A framework is a structured set of guidelines, libraries, and tools used to develop and maintain software applications.

• Framework provides a foundation for building software applications

• It includes pre-written code, libraries, and tools to help developers

• Frameworks can be specific to a programming language or technology

• Examples: Selenium for automated testing, Angular for web development

Program to output a1bb2cc3

• Create an array of strings with 'a', 'b', 'c'

• Loop through the array and concatenate the index + 1 with the string element