40+ ITC Infotech Interview Questions and Answers

Interview questions for Embedded Software Engineer including Autosar, function definition, structure and union, microcontroller and microprocessor, and communication protocols.

• Autosar is an automotive software architecture standard.

• Function definition specifies the code to be executed by a function.

• Function declaration specifies the function's name, return type, and parameters.

• Structure is a collection of variables of different data types, while union is a collection of varia...read more

A program on structures using pointers to declare them.

• Use the 'struct' keyword to define a structure

• Use the 'typedef' keyword to create a new type name for the structure

• Use the '->' operator to access structure members through a pointer

• Example: typedef struct { int x; int y; } Point; Point *p;

• Example: p->x = 5; p->y = 10;

Little endian and Big endian are byte ordering formats in which multi-byte data is stored in memory.

• Little endian: Least significant byte is stored at the lowest memory address.

• Big endian: Most significant byte is stored at the lowest memory address.

• Example: In Little endian, the number 0x12345678 is stored as 78 56 34 12 in memory.

• Example: In Big endian, the same number is stored as 12 34 56 78 in memory.

Storage class specifiers in C are used to define the scope and lifetime of variables.

• There are four storage class specifiers in C: auto, register, static, and extern.

• Auto variables are local to a block and have automatic storage duration.

• Register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access.

• Static variables have a lifetime throughout the program and are initialized only once.

• Extern variables are declared in one file and can be used in other files.

• Storage class spec...read more

The architecture diagram for a Machine Learning project typically includes data preprocessing, model training, evaluation, and deployment stages.

• Data preprocessing stage involves cleaning, transforming, and preparing the data for model training.

• Model training stage includes selecting the appropriate algorithm, training the model on the data, and tuning hyperparameters.

• Evaluation stage involves assessing the model's performance using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, a...read more

A code to reverse a phrase by splitting it into words and reversing the order of the words.

• Split the phrase into an array of words using a space as the delimiter

• Reverse the order of the words in the array

• Join the words back together with spaces in between

A C program to find the factorial of a number using recursion

• Use a recursive function to calculate the factorial

• Handle the base case when the number is 0 or 1

• Multiply the number with the factorial of (number-1) in each recursive call

Negative test case for Jenkins failure

• Trigger a build with incorrect configuration settings

• Simulate network connectivity issues during build process

• Introduce a syntax error in the Jenkinsfile

• Test Jenkins failure when running out of disk space

Preprocessor in C is a tool that processes source code before compilation.

• It performs macro substitution

• It includes header files

• It conditionally compiles code

• It defines constants and symbols

• It removes comments

• Examples of preprocessor directives are #include, #define, #ifdef, #ifndef, #endif

• Preprocessor directives start with a # symbol

ASPICE and CMMI are both process improvement models, but ASPICE is specific to automotive industry while CMMI is more general.

• ASPICE stands for Automotive SPICE and is used in the automotive industry to improve software development processes.

• CMMI stands for Capability Maturity Model Integration and is a more general process improvement model used in various industries.

• ASPICE focuses on software development processes specific to the automotive industry, such as safety and reli...read more

I use Docker for containerization to easily manage and deploy applications, and Git for version control to collaborate and track changes.

• Docker allows for consistent development environments across different machines

• Git helps track changes, collaborate with team members, and revert to previous versions if needed

• Both tools improve efficiency and productivity in software development

Detecting false targets involves analyzing patterns, behavior, and data to identify inconsistencies.

• Analyze patterns and behavior of the target to look for inconsistencies

• Use data validation techniques to verify the authenticity of the target

• Implement anomaly detection algorithms to flag suspicious targets

• Utilize machine learning models to predict and identify false targets

Byte padding is the process of adding extra bytes to a data structure to ensure it meets a certain size or alignment requirement.

• Byte padding is commonly used in computer memory allocation to align data structures to memory boundaries.

• Padding is necessary to ensure that data structures are properly aligned for efficient memory access.

• For example, if a data structure requires alignment on a 4-byte boundary, padding may be added to ensure that the structure starts at a memory a...read more

Pattern pyramid number in Java

• Use nested loops to print the pyramid pattern

• Increment the number in each row

• Handle spaces for proper alignment

An Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is a function that is executed in response to an interrupt signal.

• ISR is a type of callback function that handles interrupts

• It is a low-level function that runs in response to a hardware event

• ISR must be short and fast to avoid blocking other interrupts

• Examples of interrupts include keyboard input, timer events, and hardware errors

Structured, pointer, array, and union are all data types in C programming language.

• Structured data type is a collection of variables of different data types under a single name.

• Pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.

• Array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations.

• Union is a special data type that allows storing different data types in the same memory location.

• Example: struct employee { char name[20]; int age;...read more

Interrupts are signals sent to the processor to temporarily halt its current task and execute a specific task.

• Hardware interrupts - generated by external devices

• Software interrupts - generated by software programs

• Maskable interrupts - can be disabled by the processor

• Non-maskable interrupts - cannot be disabled by the processor

• Examples - keyboard input, mouse input, timer interrupts, etc.

Criteria for C program include syntax correctness, logical flow, and efficient memory usage.

• Correct syntax and logical flow are essential for program functionality

• Efficient memory usage is important for performance optimization

• Program should be well-documented and easy to maintain

• Code should be modular and reusable for future projects

Autosar APIs are standardized interfaces for communication between software components in automotive systems.

• Autosar Communication Stack APIs: for communication between ECUs

• Autosar RTE APIs: for communication between application software components

• Autosar Diagnostic APIs: for handling diagnostic communication

• Autosar Memory Stack APIs: for memory management in Autosar systems

The project release process involves planning, testing, and deploying software updates.

• Create a release plan outlining tasks and timelines

• Perform thorough testing to ensure quality and functionality

• Deploy updates using version control systems like Git

• Communicate with stakeholders about the release schedule

AGILE is a project management approach that emphasizes flexibility and collaboration. SCRUM is a specific framework within AGILE.

• AGILE focuses on delivering working software frequently and adapting to change

• SCRUM is a framework for implementing AGILE that includes roles like Product Owner and Scrum Master

• SCRUM also includes ceremonies like Sprint Planning and Daily Standups

• Both AGILE and SCRUM prioritize customer satisfaction and continuous improvement

Cost and schedule management is achieved through effective planning, monitoring, and control.

• Develop a detailed project plan with clear timelines and budget allocations

• Regularly monitor progress against the plan and adjust as necessary

• Identify and mitigate potential risks that could impact cost or schedule

• Communicate regularly with stakeholders to ensure alignment and manage expectations

• Use project management tools and software to track progress and identify areas for improve...read more

INT function returns an integer value while Void function does not return any value.

• INT function is used to return an integer value after performing some operations.

• Void function does not return any value and is used to perform some operations.

• INT function can be used in mathematical calculations while Void function cannot.

• Example of INT function: int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }

• Example of Void function: void printHello() { printf("Hello!"); }

Critical situations can be managed by staying calm, assessing the situation, and taking decisive action.

• Stay calm and composed to avoid panic

• Assess the situation to determine the severity and potential impact

• Identify the root cause of the problem

• Develop a plan of action and communicate it clearly to all involved parties

• Take decisive action to resolve the issue as quickly and safely as possible

• Evaluate the effectiveness of the response and make necessary adjustments

• Document th...read more

The 7 QC tools are a set of problem-solving tools used in quality management.

• Check sheet: Used to collect and organize data for analysis.

• Cause-and-effect diagram (also known as Fishbone or Ishikawa diagram): Used to identify and analyze potential causes of a problem.

• Control chart: Used to monitor and control process performance over time.

• Histogram: Used to visualize the distribution of data.

• Pareto chart: Used to prioritize problems or causes based on their frequency or impact...read more

Managing team conflict involves active listening, facilitating open communication, finding common ground, and mediating resolutions.

• Encourage open communication among team members to address conflicts early on

• Practice active listening to understand all perspectives and emotions involved

• Facilitate discussions to find common ground and reach a mutually beneficial solution

• Use mediation techniques to help team members resolve conflicts peacefully

• Establish team norms and guideline...read more

ISO26262 is a standard for functional safety of road vehicles.

• ISO26262 is a standard for the development of safety-critical automotive systems.

• It provides guidelines for the entire development process, from concept to decommissioning.

• The standard defines four Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL) to classify the safety requirements of a system.

• ISO26262 requires a safety management system, hazard analysis and risk assessment, and validation and verification of safety requi...read more

Agile management is a flexible and iterative approach to project management that focuses on delivering value to customers through collaboration and adaptability.

• Iterative approach to project management

• Focus on delivering value to customers

• Emphasis on collaboration and communication

• Adaptability to changing requirements

• Regular feedback and continuous improvement

• Use of short development cycles or sprints

Smart pointers are objects that store a pointer to dynamically allocated memory and provide automatic memory management.

• Smart pointers help prevent memory leaks by automatically releasing memory when the pointer is no longer needed.

• Examples include unique_ptr, shared_ptr, and weak_ptr in C++.

• unique_ptr is used for exclusive ownership, shared_ptr for shared ownership, and weak_ptr to break circular references.

A lambda function is a small anonymous function defined in a single line of code without a name.

• Lambda functions are often used in programming languages that support functional programming.

• They are commonly used for short, simple operations that do not require a named function.

• Lambda functions can take any number of arguments but can only have one expression.

• Example: lambda x: x*2 defines a lambda function that doubles the input x.

Lambda function is an anonymous function in programming that can have multiple parameters and can be used as an argument to other functions.

• Lambda functions are also known as anonymous functions because they do not have a name.

• They are often used for short, one-time tasks that do not require a separate function definition.

• Lambda functions can take multiple parameters and return a single value.

• Example: lambda x, y: x + y is a lambda function that takes two parameters x and y a...read more

Autosar is a standardized software architecture for automotive electronics.

• Autosar stands for Automotive Open System Architecture

• It is a collaboration between automotive manufacturers, suppliers, and tool developers

• It aims to standardize the software architecture of electronic control units (ECUs) in vehicles

• Autosar defines a common language, methodology, and tools for developing automotive software

• Examples of Autosar modules include communication stacks, diagnostic services,...read more

Lean manufacturing is a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating waste in the production process.

• Focuses on continuous improvement

• Involves all employees in the process

• Reduces lead time and inventory

• Uses tools such as value stream mapping and 5S

• Examples include Toyota Production System and Kaizen

RFQ is sent to supplier via email or online portals.

• RFQ can be sent via email to the supplier's designated email address.

• Online portals can also be used to send RFQ to suppliers.

• The RFQ should include all necessary information such as product specifications, quantity, delivery date, and pricing.

• The supplier should be given a deadline to respond to the RFQ.

• Follow-up communication may be necessary to ensure timely and accurate responses.

Pointers are variables that store memory addresses. They are used to manipulate data and create dynamic data structures.

• Pointers allow for direct memory manipulation

• They can be used to create dynamic data structures like linked lists

• Pointers can be passed as arguments to functions

• They can be used to access hardware directly

• Null pointers are used to indicate the absence of a valid memory address

The crystal frequency formula is used to calculate the resonant frequency of a crystal oscillator.

• The crystal frequency formula is: f = 1 / (2 * pi * sqrt(L * C))

• Where f is the resonant frequency in Hertz, L is the inductance in Henrys, and C is the capacitance in Farads

• This formula is commonly used in electronics for designing crystal oscillators

PPAP stands for Production Part Approval Process.

• PPAP is a standardized process in the automotive industry to ensure that suppliers meet the requirements for production parts.

• It involves submitting samples of the parts, along with documentation and test results, to the customer for approval.

• PPAP has five levels, with each level requiring more documentation and testing than the previous one.

• PPAP is important for ensuring quality and consistency in automotive parts.

• Examples of ...read more

ASPICE (Automotive SPICE) is a process assessment model used in the automotive industry to evaluate and improve software development processes.

• ASPICE is based on the ISO/IEC 15504 standard for process assessment.

• It helps organizations to assess the maturity of their software development processes.

• ASPICE defines a set of process attributes and levels of maturity.

• It is commonly used by automotive manufacturers and suppliers to ensure high-quality software development.

• ASPICE ass...read more

AUTOSAR layers provide a structured approach to software architecture, with BSW layer offering low-level hardware access and services.

• AUTOSAR architecture consists of four layers: Application Layer, RTE Layer, BSW Layer, and MCAL Layer.

• BSW Layer provides standardized services for accessing hardware and managing resources, such as communication stacks, diagnostics, and memory management.

• Advantages of BSW Layer include portability, reusability, and scalability of software compo...read more

Threading is a way for a program to split itself into multiple simultaneous tasks.

• Threading allows for parallel execution of tasks within a program.

• Each thread has its own stack and runs independently of other threads.

• Threads can communicate with each other and share resources.

• Example: A web server handling multiple client requests concurrently using threads.

Exceptions in MCUs are typically handled through interrupt service routines or error handling mechanisms.

• MCUs use interrupt service routines to handle exceptions such as divide by zero or invalid memory access.

• Error handling mechanisms like watchdog timers can reset the MCU if a critical error occurs.

• Some MCUs have built-in fault detection and correction mechanisms to handle exceptions.

• Exception handling in MCUs is crucial for ensuring system stability and reliability.

Yes, I have experience working on CMM scripts.

• Yes, I have written CMM scripts for automated testing of embedded software.

• I have used CMM scripts to automate testing processes and improve efficiency.

• Experience in debugging and optimizing CMM scripts for better performance.

Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations in systems.

• Thermodynamics deals with the relationship between heat, work, and energy.

• It focuses on understanding how energy is transferred and converted between different forms.

• Laws of thermodynamics govern the behavior of energy in various systems.

• Applications include engines, refrigeration, and power generation.

• Example: A car engine converts chemical energy from fuel into mechanical work and heat.

ETL architecture refers to the design and structure of the ETL process.

• ETL architecture includes the extraction of data from various sources, transformation of the data to fit the target system, and loading the data into the target system.

• It involves the use of tools and technologies such as ETL tools, data warehouses, and data marts.

• ETL architecture should be designed to ensure data accuracy, consistency, and completeness.

• Examples of ETL architecture include the hub-and-spok...read more

UDS (Unified Diagnostic Services) protocol supports 34 service details for communication between a vehicle's ECU and a diagnostic tool.

• UDS protocol is used for diagnostic communication in automotive systems

• Some of the 34 services include Read Data By Identifier, Clear Diagnostic Information, and Input Output Control

• These services allow for reading and writing data, clearing diagnostic trouble codes, and controlling various functions of the ECU

Plastics are versatile materials used in various industries for their durability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness.

• Plastics are commonly used in packaging materials such as bottles, containers, and bags.

• They are also used in construction for pipes, insulation, and flooring.

• In the automotive industry, plastics are used for interior components, bumpers, and body panels.

• Plastics are essential in electronics for casings, connectors, and circuit boards.

• Medical devices and equip...read more