Applied Materials Technical Lead Interview Questions and Answers

Round duration - 75 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This was an online coding round where I had 2 questions to solve under 75 minutes. Both the coding questions were of Medium to Hard level of difficulty.

Q1. 
Smallest Window Problem Statement
Given two strings, S and X, your task is to find the smallest substring in S that contains all the characters present in X.
Example:
Input:
S = "abdd"
X = "bd"
Output:
...read more
Ans. 
Find the smallest substring in S that contains all characters in X.
• Use a sliding window approach to find the smallest substring in S that contains all characters in X.

• Keep track of the characters in X using a hashmap.

• Move the window by adjusting the start and end pointers until all characters in X are found.

• Return the smallest substring encountered.
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Q2. 
K - Sum Path In A Binary Tree
Given a binary tree where each node contains an integer value, and a value 'K', your task is to find all the paths in the binary tree such that the sum of the node values in ...read more
Ans. 
Find all paths in a binary tree where the sum of node values equals a given value 'K'.
• Traverse the binary tree using DFS and keep track of the current path and its sum.

• At each node, check if the current sum equals 'K' and add the path to the result.

• Continue traversal to the left and right child nodes recursively.

• Return the list of paths that sum up to 'K'.
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Round duration - 60 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round had 2 questions of DS/Algo to solve under 60 minutes and 2 questions related to Operating Systems.

Q1. 
Validate Partial Binary Search Tree (BST) Problem Statement
You are provided with a binary tree containing 'N' nodes. Your task is to determine if this tree is a Partial Binary Search Tree (BST). Return t...read more
Ans. 
Validate if a binary tree is a Partial Binary Search Tree (BST) by checking if each node's left subtree contains nodes with data less than or equal to the node's data, and each node's right subtree contains nodes with data greater than or equal to the node's data.
• Check if each node's left subtree follows BST property (data <= node's data) and right subtree follows BST property (data >= node's data)

• Recursively che...read more
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Q2. 
Longest Increasing Subsequence Problem Statement
Given an array of integers with 'N' elements, determine the length of the longest subsequence where each element is greater than the previous element. This...read more
Ans. 
Find the length of the longest strictly increasing subsequence in an array of integers.
• Use dynamic programming to solve this problem efficiently.

• Initialize an array to store the length of the longest increasing subsequence ending at each index.

• Iterate through the array and update the length of the longest increasing subsequence for each element.

• Return the maximum value in the array as the result.
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Q3. Can you define process and threads in operating systems?
Ans. 
Processes are instances of a program in execution, while threads are lightweight processes within a process.
• A process is a program in execution, with its own memory space and resources.

• Threads are lightweight processes within a process, sharing the same memory space and resources.

• Processes are independent of each other, while threads within the same process can communicate and share data.

• Example: A web browser running ...read more
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Q4. What are the different types of semaphores?
Ans. 
Different types of semaphores include binary semaphores, counting semaphores, and mutex semaphores.
• Binary semaphores: Can only have two states - 0 or 1. Used for mutual exclusion.

• Counting semaphores: Can have multiple states. Used for managing resources with limited capacity.

• Mutex semaphores: Similar to binary semaphores but with additional features like priority inheritance.

• Named semaphores: Can be shared between proc...read more
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Round duration - 60 Minutes
Round difficulty - Hard

In this round, I was asked 3 coding questions out of which I had to implement the first two and for the last question I was only asked the optimal approach. The main challenge in this round was to implement the first two questions in a production ready manner without any bugs and so I had to spent some time thinking about some Edge Cases which were important with respect to the question.

Q1. 
Next Greater Element Problem Statement
You are given an array arr of length N. For each element in the array, find the next greater element (NGE) that appears to the right. If there is no such greater ele...read more
Ans. 
The task is to find the next greater element for each element in an array to its right, if no greater element exists, return -1.
• Use a stack to keep track of elements for which the next greater element is not found yet.

• Iterate through the array from right to left and pop elements from the stack until a greater element is found.

• Store the next greater element for each element in a separate array.

• If the stack is empty afte...read more
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Q2. 
Power Set Generation
Given a sorted array of 'N' integers, your task is to generate the power set for this array. Each subset of this power set should be individually sorted.
A power set of a set 'ARR' i...read more
Ans. 
Generate power set of a sorted array of integers with individually sorted subsets.
• Use recursion to generate all possible subsets by including or excluding each element in the array.

• Sort each subset before adding it to the power set.

• Handle base case when all elements have been considered to add the subset to the power set.
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Q3. 
Counting Sort Problem Statement
Ninja is learning about sorting algorithms, specifically those that do not rely on comparisons. Can you help Ninja implement the counting sort algorithm?
Example:
Input:
...read more
Ans. 
Implement counting sort algorithm to sort an array of integers without comparisons.
• Count the frequency of each element in the input array.

• Create a prefix sum array to determine the position of each element in the sorted array.

• Iterate through the input array and place each element in its correct position based on the prefix sum array.

• Time complexity of counting sort is O(n+k), where n is the number of elements and k is
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Round duration - 45 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

Its a zoom call interview which lasted for 45 minutes. initially there are two panel members in which one is very targetting at me. They asked me different type of questions like jumping from DSA to project then to python then again java. Its a mixed combo pack type interview. for each and every question they asked me the real time example. The discussion on my project lasted for 15-20 mins.

Q1. 
Count Set Bits Problem Statement
Given a positive integer N, compute the total number of '1's in the binary representation of all numbers from 1 to N. Return this count modulo 1e9+7 because the result can...read more
Ans. 
Count the total number of set bits in the binary representation of numbers from 1 to N modulo 1e9+7.
• Use bitwise operations to count the set bits in each number from 1 to N.

• Keep track of the total set bits and return the result modulo 1e9+7.

• Optimize the solution to handle large values of N efficiently.

• Consider using dynamic programming or precomputing values for faster computation.
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Round duration - 30 mins
Round difficulty - Easy

This round was a zoom interview. The interview started with my brief introduction. This time the interview was more interested in my hobbies and passions. He asked me what do you do to keep yourself updated with the latest technology trends?