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General aptitude test.
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Find pair of elements in an array whose sum is equal to a given number K.
Iterate through the array and for each element, check if K minus the element exists in the array.
Use a hash table to store the elements and their indices for faster lookup.
If multiple pairs exist, return any one of them.
If no pair exists, return null or an appropriate message.
Session is maintained using session affinity or sticky sessions.
Session affinity ensures that a user's session is always directed to the same server.
Load balancer uses a unique identifier to route requests to the same server.
Sticky sessions can be implemented using cookies or URL rewriting.
Session replication can also be used to maintain session data across multiple servers.
Singleton pattern ensures only one instance of a class is created and provides a global point of access to it.
Create a private constructor to prevent direct instantiation of the class
Create a private static instance of the class
Create a public static method to access the instance
Ensure thread safety by using synchronized keyword or static initialization block
Examples: Logger, Configuration Manager, Database Connection
Explaining abstract class, interface and multiple inheritance in PHP.
Abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and can have abstract methods.
Interface is a collection of abstract methods and constants that can be implemented by a class.
Multiple inheritance is not possible in PHP, but can be achieved using interfaces.
Interfaces can be implemented by multiple classes, allowing for multiple inheritance-like be
Write a stored procedure from given tables and conditions
Identify the tables and their relationships
Determine the conditions to be used in the stored procedure
Write the SQL code for the stored procedure
Test the stored procedure to ensure it returns the desired results
To increase PHP memory at run time, modify the php.ini file or use ini_set() function.
Edit the memory_limit value in php.ini file
Use ini_set('memory_limit', '256M') function to increase memory limit at run time
Check for memory leaks in the code
Use unset() function to free up memory after use
php.ini is a configuration file for PHP that allows users to customize various settings.
Change PHP settings such as memory limit, file upload size, and error reporting
Enable or disable extensions and modules
Set timezone and language settings
Configure email settings
Control caching and session settings
Use window.location to get domain from a url in jQuery.
Use window.location to get the full url
Use .hostname to get the domain name
Use .replace() to remove 'www.' if present
WAP to find smallest palindrome number larger than given number.
Convert the given number to string and check if it is already a palindrome.
If not, increment the number and check if it is a palindrome.
Repeat until a palindrome number larger than the given number is found.
Use a while loop to implement the above steps.
WAP to check if linked list elements is a palindrome without using any extra space.
Traverse the linked list and reverse the second half of the list
Compare the first half with the reversed second half
Use two pointers to traverse the list, one at normal speed and other at double speed
Find the first non-repeating character in a string.
Create a hash table to store the frequency of each character in the string.
Iterate through the string and check the frequency of each character.
Return the first character with a frequency of 1.
Connection pooling is a technique of reusing database connections to improve performance.
Connection pooling helps to reduce the overhead of creating and destroying database connections.
It maintains a pool of connections that can be reused by multiple clients.
Connection pooling is commonly used in web applications to handle multiple requests simultaneously.
It can be configured with parameters like maximum number of conn...
A singleton class in PHP is a class that can only be instantiated once.
Create a private constructor to prevent direct instantiation
Create a private static variable to hold the instance of the class
Create a public static method to get the instance of the class
Ensure that the public static method always returns the same instance
To connect to MySQL database using PHP, create a Connection class.
Use mysqli_connect() function to establish a connection
Pass the database credentials as parameters to the function
Create a constructor method to initialize the connection
Create a query method to execute SQL queries
Close the connection using mysqli_close() method
There are three types of errors in PHP: syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical errors.
Syntax errors occur when the code is not written correctly, such as missing semicolons or parentheses.
Runtime errors occur during the execution of the code, such as trying to access an undefined variable.
Logical errors occur when the code runs without errors, but produces unexpected results, such as a miscalculation in a formula.
Session in PHP allows to store user data on the server for later use.
Session starts when a user logs in and ends when the user logs out or the session expires.
Session data is stored on the server and identified by a unique session ID.
Session variables can be set and accessed using the $_SESSION superglobal array.
Session can be destroyed using the session_destroy() function.
Session can be used to store user-specific dat...
Find missing element in an array of elements from 0 to n-1
Calculate sum of all elements in array and subtract from sum of n natural numbers
Use XOR operation on all elements and n natural numbers
Sort the array and find the missing element
I was interviewed before Jan 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was a written coding test with 2 coding questions to be solved in 60 minutes.
You have a sequence of consecutive nonnegative integers. By appending all integers end-to-end, you formed a string S
without any separators. During this pro...
Given a string of consecutive nonnegative integers with one missing number, find the missing integer.
Iterate through the string to find the missing number by checking the consecutive integers.
If there is more than one missing number, all integers are present, or the string is invalid, return -1.
Handle cases where the missing number is at the beginning or end of the sequence.
Consider edge cases such as single-digit numb
You are given a string consisting of English alphabet characters. Your task is to identify and return the first character in the string that does not repeat...
The task is to find the first non-repeating character in a string, or return the first character if all characters repeat.
Iterate through the string to count the frequency of each character
Find the first character with a frequency of 1, or return the first character if no such character exists
Handle both uppercase and lowercase characters separately
Use a hashmap to store character frequencies efficiently
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical interview round with questions around PHP and DBMS.
Connection pooling is a technique used to manage a pool of database connections to improve performance and efficiency.
Connection pooling reduces the overhead of opening and closing database connections for each request.
It allows multiple clients to reuse a pre-established set of connections to the database.
Connection pooling helps in improving the scalability and performance of applications by efficiently managing data...
To create a singleton design pattern in PHP 5, use a private static variable to store the instance and a static method to retrieve it.
Create a private static variable to store the instance of the class.
Create a private constructor to prevent outside instantiation of the class.
Create a static method to check if an instance already exists and return it, or create a new instance if it doesn't.
Yes, PHP can be used to connect to MySQL by using MySQLi or PDO extensions.
Use MySQLi extension to connect PHP to MySQL
Use PDO extension to connect PHP to MySQL
Example using MySQLi: $conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
Example using PDO: $conn = new PDO('mysql:host=$servername;dbname=$dbname', $username, $password);
Different types of errors in PHP include syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical errors.
Syntax errors: Occur when there is a mistake in the code syntax, preventing the script from running.
Runtime errors: Happen during script execution, such as division by zero or calling a function that does not exist.
Logical errors: Difficult to detect as the code runs without errors, but produces incorrect results.
Fatal errors: St...
Session management in PHP involves storing user data on the server to maintain state between multiple requests.
Sessions are started using session_start() function in PHP.
Session data is stored on the server and a unique session ID is sent to the client's browser.
Session variables can be set, accessed, and unset using $_SESSION superglobal array.
Sessions can be destroyed using session_destroy() function.
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I was interviewed before Jan 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical round where the interviewer asked me questions based on data structures , algorithms and load balancer and session management.
You are given an integer array 'ARR' of size 'N' and an integer 'S'. Your task is to find and return a list of all pairs of elements where each sum of a pair equals 'S'.
Find pairs of elements in an array that sum up to a given value, sorted in a specific order.
Iterate through the array and use a hashmap to store the difference between the target sum and each element.
Check if the difference exists in the hashmap, if so, add the pair to the result list.
Sort the result list based on the criteria mentioned in the problem statement.
Find the next smallest palindrome strictly greater than a given number 'N' represented as a string 'S'.
You are given a number in string format, a...
Find the next smallest palindrome greater than a given number represented as a string.
Convert the string number to an integer for comparison.
Increment the number until a palindrome greater than the input is found.
Handle cases where the input is already a palindrome or has leading zeros.
Return the next greater palindrome as a string.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical round where the interviewer asked me questions based on data structures , design patterns and php.
Given a singly linked list of integers, determine if the linked list is a palindrome.
A linked list is considered a palindrome if it reads the same forwar...
Check if a given singly linked list of integers is a palindrome.
Create a function to reverse the linked list.
Use slow and fast pointers to find the middle of the linked list.
Compare the first half of the linked list with the reversed second half to determine if it's a palindrome.
Singleton Design pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
Ensure the class has a private static instance variable.
Provide a public static method to access the instance.
Make the constructor private to prevent instantiation from outside the class.
Lazy initialization can be used to create the instance only when needed.
Thread safety considerations may be necessary in a multi
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical round where the interviewer asked me questions based on Javascript, dbms, oops concepts and php.
A stored procedure to join two tables in a database.
Use the JOIN keyword to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.
Specify the columns to be selected from each table in the SELECT statement.
Use the ON keyword to specify the join condition.
Consider using INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, or FULL JOIN based on the desired result.
Test the stored procedure with sample data to ensure it
Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods, while interface can only have abstract methods.
Abstract class can have constructors, fields, and methods, while interface cannot have any implementation.
A class can only extend one abstract class, but can implement multiple interfaces.
Abstract classes are used to define common characteristics among subclasses, while interfaces are used to define a contract...
Use jQuery to extract domain name from a URL
Use the 'a' element to create a temporary link with the URL
Access the 'hostname' property of the link to get the domain name
Use regular expressions to extract the domain name from the URL
Closures in JavaScript are functions that have access to variables from their outer scope even after the outer function has finished executing.
Closures allow functions to access variables from their parent function even after the parent function has finished executing.
They are created whenever a function is defined within another function.
Closures are commonly used to create private variables and functions in JavaScrip...
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I was interviewed before Jan 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was a coding test where we had to solve 2 coding questions in 60 minutes.
Imagine you are Harshad Mehta's friend, and you have been given the stock prices of a particular company for the next 'N' days. You can perform up to two buy-and-sell ...
The task is to determine the maximum profit that can be achieved by performing up to two buy-and-sell transactions on a given set of stock prices.
Iterate through the array of stock prices to find the maximum profit that can be achieved by buying and selling stocks.
Keep track of the maximum profit that can be obtained by performing up to two transactions.
Consider all possible combinations of buying and selling stocks to...
You are provided with a string 'STR'
that consists of lowercase English letters ranging from 'a' to 'z'. Your task is to determine all non-empty possible subsequen...
Generate all possible subsequences of a given string.
Use recursion to generate all possible subsequences by including or excluding each character in the string.
Maintain a current index to keep track of the characters being considered.
Append the current character to each subsequence generated so far.
Recursively call the function with the next index to include the next character in subsequences.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was a technical round where the interviewer asked me questions related to OS and Java.
The critical section problem is a synchronization issue in concurrent programming where multiple processes access shared resources.
Critical section is a code segment that accesses shared resources and must be executed by only one process at a time.
The goal is to prevent race conditions and ensure mutual exclusion.
Solutions include using locks, semaphores, and mutex to control access to critical sections.
Example: Multip...
A thread in Java can be created by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface.
Extend the Thread class and override the run() method
Implement the Runnable interface and provide the implementation for the run() method
Start the thread using the start() method
Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
Typical HR round with behavioral questions.
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I was interviewed before Mar 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
This was a 1 hour online coding round on hackerrank platform. 3 DSA questions were given.
Given the stock prices for 'N' days, your goal is to determine the maximum profit that can be achieved. You can buy and sell the stocks any number of times but can onl...
The goal is to determine the maximum profit that can be achieved by buying and selling stocks on different days.
Iterate through the stock prices and buy on days when the price is lower than the next day, and sell on days when the price is higher than the next day.
Calculate the profit by summing up the differences between buying and selling prices.
Repeat the process for each test case and output the maximum profit possi
Every day, Ninja dreams of a number but does not understand its significance. Upon investigation, Ninja discovers that converting this number to binary, taking its com...
Convert a number to binary, take its complement, and convert back to decimal.
Convert the given number to binary representation
Take the complement of the binary number by swapping '1's and '0's
Convert the complement back to decimal representation
Return the complement number for each test case
You are given an array arr
consisting of N
integers. Construct a number from these integers such that, for each bit position, if the quantity of set bits (1s) is greater tha...
Generate a number based on majority set bits in given integers array.
Iterate through each bit position and count set and unset bits
Construct the resulting number based on majority set bits at each position
Return the final constructed number
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
In this round, a DSA question was first asked. Then a lot of discussion regarding the various test cases around this question took place. (e.g, handing of -ve numbers , decimals , overflow etc).
Main concentration was just to get as many as test cases possible and an efficient solution as well.
And Some common question like why you coding in C++?
Given an integer 'N', continue summing its digits until the result is a single-digit number. Your task is to determine the final value of 'N' after applying this operation ...
Given an integer, sum its digits until a single-digit number is obtained.
Iteratively sum the digits of the integer until a single-digit number is reached
Output the final single-digit integer for each test case
Handle multiple test cases efficiently
OOP allows for code reusability, modularity, and easier maintenance.
Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods together to protect data from outside interference.
Inheritance: Allows for the creation of new classes based on existing classes, promoting code reuse.
Polymorphism: Objects can be treated as instances of their parent class, allowing for flexibility and extensibility.
Modularity: Breaking down a program into small...
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
Again one coding question to be done on shared screen
Given two graphs – a directed graph DIR_GRAPH
and an undirected graph UNDIR_GRAPH
– you are tasked with counting the number of triangles in each of the graphs.
In t...
Count the number of triangles in a directed and undirected graph.
Parse the input to extract vertices, edges, and edges between vertices.
Implement a function to count triangles in both directed and undirected graphs.
Return the counts of triangles for each test case.
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I was interviewed before Mar 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
Technical Interview round with questions based on DSA, UNIX commands , Web Security etc.
You are provided with an array nums
which contains the first N positive integers. In this array, one integer appears twice, and one integer is missi...
Identify the repeating and missing number in an array of first N positive integers.
Iterate through the array and keep track of the sum of elements and sum of squares to find the missing and repeating numbers.
Use a set to identify the repeating number and calculate the missing number using the sum formula.
Handle multiple test cases by looping through each case and applying the same logic.
Example: For nums = [1, 2, 3, 4,...
ps displays a snapshot of current processes, while top provides real-time information and allows for interactive management.
ps displays a static list of processes, while top continuously updates the list
top allows for interactive management of processes (e.g. killing, renicing), while ps does not
ps is useful for a quick snapshot of processes, while top is useful for monitoring real-time system activity
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.
XSS occurs when a web application allows users to input unvalidated data that is then displayed on the page without proper encoding.
There are three main types of XSS: stored XSS, reflected XSS, and DOM-based XSS.
An example of XSS is when a user inputs a script into a sear...
Prevent SQL injection by using parameterized queries, input validation, and escaping user input.
Use parameterized queries to separate SQL code from user input.
Validate and sanitize user input to prevent malicious code injection.
Escape special characters in user input before executing SQL queries.
The command to kill all running Java processes is 'pkill -f java'
Use the 'pkill' command followed by the '-f' flag and 'java' keyword to kill all Java processes
Be cautious when using this command as it will terminate all running Java processes
Make sure to have the necessary permissions to kill processes on the system
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Questions based on designing. My first project as it was related to Image processing, so he also asked questions related to it.
Design a system for a traffic enforcement camera.
1. Install cameras at strategic locations to monitor traffic violations.
2. Use image recognition software to detect violations such as speeding or running red lights.
3. Store captured images and violation data in a secure database.
4. Generate automated tickets and send them to violators.
5. Implement a user interface for law enforcement to review violations and approve ti
JSON is a lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate.
JSON is based on key-value pairs, where keys are always strings enclosed in double quotes.
Data is organized in a hierarchical structure using objects and arrays.
Example: {"name": "John", "age": 30}
Example: [{"name": "Alice", "age": 25}, {"name": "Bob", "age": 35}]
I am familiar with testing frameworks such as JUnit, Selenium, and TestNG.
JUnit
Selenium
TestNG
The best protocol for storing images is JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group).
JPEG is a widely used format for storing images due to its high compression ratio and good image quality.
It supports millions of colors and is compatible with most devices and software.
Other options include PNG (Portable Network Graphics) for lossless compression and GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) for animations.
Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was a typical HR round with questions related to my final year project and some behavioral problems.
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I was interviewed before Mar 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical round with questions based on DSA. Also, there was a discussion on my BTP project.
Given a string A
consisting of lowercase English letters, determine the length of the longest palindromic subsequence within A
.
Find the length of the longest palindromic subsequence in a given string of lowercase English letters.
Use dynamic programming to solve this problem efficiently.
Create a 2D array to store the lengths of palindromic subsequences for different substrings.
Fill the array diagonally based on the characters in the string.
Return the length of the longest palindromic subsequence for each test case.
Transform a given Binary Tree into a Doubly Linked List.
Ensure that the nodes in the Doubly Linked List follow the Inorder Traversal of the Binary Tree.
The fi...
Convert a Binary Tree into a Doubly Linked List following Inorder Traversal.
Perform Inorder Traversal of the Binary Tree to get the nodes in order.
Create a Doubly Linked List by linking the nodes in the order obtained from Inorder Traversal.
Return the head of the Doubly Linked List as the output.
Determine if a permutation of a given string S
can form a palindrome.
string S = "aab"
"True"
The permutation "aba" o...
Check if a permutation of a string can form a palindrome.
Create a frequency map of characters in the string.
Count the number of characters with odd frequencies.
If there is at most one character with an odd frequency, return true.
Otherwise, return false.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical interview round where the interviewer asked me questions based on DSA , algorithms and my project. Large set of questions pertaining to DBMS.
Given a binary tree of integers, your task is to implement serialization and deserialization methods. You can choose any algorithm for serialization...
Implement serialization and deserialization methods for a binary tree of integers.
Use any algorithm for serialization and deserialization.
Ensure the serialized string can be correctly decoded back to form the original binary tree.
Nodes are separated by spaces, and -1 is used to depict a null node.
Output the level order traversal of the deserialized binary tree with nodes separated by single spaces.
You are provided with three strings: A
, B
, and C
. Your task is to determine if C
is formed by interleaving A
and B
. A string C
is considered an interleaving of A
and B
if:
Determine if a string C is formed by interleaving two strings A and B.
Check if the length of C is equal to the sum of lengths of A and B.
Ensure all characters of A and B are present in C.
Verify that the order of characters in C matches the order in A and B.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
This was a design round where I was grilled on my internship , projects and some new design questions were also asked.
Q1. Design a work flow model of the entire work done in your internship.
Q2. Design a workflow model of any one of the projects you did.
Using a map-based design to check for isomorphic words in a file.
Create a map where the key is the sorted characters of a word and the value is a list of words with the same sorted characters.
Iterate through the file, for each word, sort its characters and check if it exists in the map. If it does, add the word to the list. If not, create a new entry in the map.
After processing the file, iterate through the map and out
Create a stack data structure that supports not only the usual push and pop operations but also getMin(), which retrieves the minimum element, all in O(1) time complexity witho...
Implement a stack with push, pop, top, isEmpty, and getMin operations in O(1) time complexity without using extra space for storing additional stack data structures.
Use two stacks - one to store the actual elements and another to store the minimum element at each level of the main stack.
When pushing an element, compare it with the current minimum and update the minimum stack accordingly.
For getMin operation, simply ret...
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
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