70+ Graduate Engineer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Various sensors used in oil and gas industries include pressure sensors, temperature sensors, flow sensors, level sensors, and gas detectors.

• Pressure sensors - used to measure pressure in pipelines and equipment.

• Temperature sensors - monitor temperature levels in various processes.

• Flow sensors - measure the flow rate of liquids or gases in pipelines.

• Level sensors - detect the level of liquids in tanks or vessels.

• Gas detectors - used to detect the presence of harmful gases in ...read more

To find deflection of conical bodies acting with axial load, use the formula for deflection of a cone under axial load.

• Use the formula for deflection of a cone under axial load: delta = (P*L)/(E*A)

• P is the axial load, L is the length of the cone, E is the modulus of elasticity, and A is the cross-sectional area of the cone

• The deflection will be greater at the smaller end of the cone

• Consider the material properties of the cone when calculating the modulus of elasticity

• Ensure t...read more

There are various types of bearings used in different applications, such as ball bearings for high-speed applications and roller bearings for heavy loads.

• Ball bearings are commonly used in machinery and equipment, such as electric motors and automotive applications.

• Roller bearings are suitable for heavy-duty applications, such as in construction equipment and industrial machinery.

• Thrust bearings are used to support axial loads, commonly found in automotive transmissions and m...read more

Preventive maintenance involves regular inspections and maintenance to prevent breakdowns, while breakdown maintenance is performed after a breakdown occurs.

• Preventive maintenance is planned maintenance performed on a regular basis to prevent equipment failure.

• Breakdown maintenance is reactive maintenance performed after a breakdown has occurred to restore equipment to working condition.

• Types of couplings include rigid, flexible, and fluid couplings.

• Rigid couplings do not all...read more

Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave.

• Wavelength is measured in meters or nanometers.

• It determines the color of light and sound frequency.

• Shorter wavelengths have higher energy than longer wavelengths.

• Examples include the wavelength of visible light, radio waves, and X-rays.

Frequency is the number of cycles per second in a periodic waveform.

• Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).

• It determines the pitch of a sound wave.

• Higher frequency means higher pitch and vice versa.

• Frequency is used in various fields like electronics, physics, and communication.

• Example: The frequency of a radio station is 98.5 MHz.

The weight of a sheet made of iron can be calculated by multiplying the volume of the sheet by the density of iron.

• Calculate the volume of the sheet by multiplying its length, width, and thickness.

• Determine the density of iron, which is typically around 7.87 g/cm^3.

• Multiply the volume of the sheet by the density of iron to get the weight in grams or kilograms.

Constructor initializes an object, destructor cleans up resources. Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class. Static function belongs to the class, not instances. Volatile keyword indicates a variable may be changed unexpectedly.

• Constructor initializes an object when it is created. Example: 'Car c = new Car();'

• Destructor cleans up resources when an object is destroyed. Example: 'delete ptr;'

• Polymorphism allows a child class to be treated as ...read more

Unit process involves a series of operations to achieve a specific goal, while unit operation is a single step in a process.

• Unit process involves multiple unit operations to achieve a specific goal.

• Unit operation is a single step in a process that involves physical or chemical changes.

• Examples of unit processes include distillation, filtration, and crystallization.

• Examples of unit operations include mixing, drying, and evaporation.

Replace few letters before @ in email id with star and print the email id.

• Identify the position of @ in the email address

• Replace few letters before @ with *

• Print the modified email id

Python has libraries like SQLAlchemy, psycopg2 for database connectivity. Use these libraries to connect Python with databases.

• Use SQLAlchemy library for ORM (Object Relational Mapping) to interact with databases.

• Use psycopg2 library for direct interaction with PostgreSQL database.

• Install the required libraries using pip install .

• Establish connection to the database using appropriate credentials.

• Execute SQL queries using Python code to interact with the database.

Drop deletes the table structure and data, Delete removes specific rows, Truncate removes all rows but keeps the table structure.

• Drop removes the table structure along with all the data in the table.

• Delete removes specific rows based on a condition using the WHERE clause.

• Truncate removes all rows from a table but keeps the table structure intact.

• Example: DROP TABLE table_name; DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition; TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

P, PI, PID are types of controllers used in process control to regulate the output based on the input.

• P stands for Proportional controller, which adjusts the output based on the error signal.

• PI stands for Proportional-Integral controller, which not only adjusts based on error signal but also integrates the error over time.

• PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller, which adjusts based on error signal, integrates error over time, and also considers the rate of ...read more

Metal placed in Antarctica would react by becoming extremely cold and potentially brittle due to the low temperatures.

• Metal would quickly reach the temperature of its surroundings, which can drop below -60 degrees Celsius in Antarctica.

• The extreme cold can cause the metal to become brittle and more prone to fracturing.

• Certain metals may undergo phase changes or exhibit changes in electrical conductivity at such low temperatures.

• Corrosion may be slowed down due to the lack of ...read more

In C++, datatypes have specific ranges and sizes. Embedded systems are real-life examples of using datatypes effectively.

• Datatypes in C++ have specific ranges and sizes to store different types of data efficiently.

• For example, 'int' datatype in C++ typically has a range of -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

• Embedded systems use datatypes like 'uint8_t' to efficiently store data in limited memory space.

• Real-life example of an embedded system is a smart thermostat that controls th...read more

Types of pumps include centrifugal, reciprocating, and rotary pumps. Valves can be classified as gate, globe, ball, and butterfly valves. Heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, and finned tube exchangers.

• Types of pumps: centrifugal, reciprocating, rotary

• Types of valves: gate, globe, ball, butterfly

• Types of heat exchangers: shell and tube, plate, finned tube

Microcontrollers are integrated circuits designed for specific tasks, while microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs. 8051 is a popular microcontroller.

• Microcontrollers are self-contained systems with memory, I/O ports, and timers, designed for specific tasks.

• Microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs that require external components for memory, I/O, and timers.

• 8051 microcontroller is a popular 8-bit microcontroller known for its low power consumption and versatility.

Volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable's value can be changed unexpectedly.

• Volatile keyword is used in multi-threaded programming to ensure that the value of a variable is always read from memory and not from a cache.

• It is also used in embedded systems where hardware can change the value of a variable unexpectedly.

• Without volatile keyword, the compiler may optimize the code by caching the value of a variable, which can lead to unexpected behavior.

• Example: In a m...read more

Flywheel stores energy while governor regulates speed.

• Flywheel is a mechanical device used to store rotational energy.

• Governor is a device used to regulate the speed of an engine or machine.

• Flywheel is used to maintain the speed of an engine during the power stroke.

• Governor is used to control the speed of an engine by adjusting the fuel supply or ignition timing.

• Flywheel is commonly used in machines like steam engines, turbines, and internal combustion engines.

• Governor is com...read more

My interest lies in the field of renewable energy and sustainable engineering.

• I have always been fascinated by the potential of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.

• I have actively participated in projects related to sustainable engineering during my undergraduate studies.

• I have conducted research on improving the efficiency of solar panels and reducing the environmental impact of energy production.

• I have attended conferences and workshops on renewable energy...read more

Engineering system is a collection of components that work together to achieve a specific goal.

• Engineering system involves the integration of various components such as hardware, software, and people.

• It is designed to achieve a specific goal or objective.

• Examples of engineering systems include transportation systems, communication systems, and manufacturing systems.

• Engineering systems are often complex and require interdisciplinary collaboration to design and implement.

• They a...read more

A shaft is a rotating machine element used to transmit power. Tolerance is the allowable deviation from a specified dimension.

• Shaft is a mechanical component used to transmit power from one part of a machine to another.

• Tolerance is the permissible limit or limits of variation in a physical dimension.

• Types of tolerance include bilateral tolerance, unilateral tolerance, and limit tolerance.

Supply to inverter can be given through a power source such as a battery or solar panel.

• Connect the inverter to a power source such as a battery or solar panel

• Ensure the power source has the appropriate voltage and current rating for the inverter

• Use appropriate cables and connectors to establish the connection

• Regularly monitor the power source to ensure continuous supply to the inverter

Types of foundations include shallow, deep, and special foundations.

• Shallow foundations are used for light structures and include spread footings and mat foundations.

• Deep foundations are used for heavy structures and include pile foundations and drilled shafts.

• Special foundations are used for unique soil conditions and include caissons and cofferdams.

Yield strength is the point at which a material permanently deforms, while tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking.

• Yield strength is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.

• Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking.

• Yield strength is lower than tensile strength.

• Yield strength is used to design structures to avoid plastic deformation, while tensile strength is important for determi...read more

Pulse code modulation is a digital representation of analog signals.

• PCM is used to convert analog signals into digital signals.

• It involves sampling the analog signal at regular intervals and quantizing the amplitude of each sample.

• The resulting digital signal can be transmitted or stored more efficiently than the original analog signal.

• PCM is commonly used in audio and video recording and transmission.

• It is also used in telecommunications and data storage.

Enum is used to define a set of named constants in a program.

• Enums provide a way to create a group of related constants that can be used in place of hard-coded values.

• They improve code readability and maintainability.

• Enums can be used in switch statements, loops, and function parameters.

• Example: enum Color {RED, GREEN, BLUE};

• Example: void printColor(Color c) { ... }

I use a variety of software tools for engineering tasks, including CAD software, simulation software, and programming languages.

• CAD software: AutoCAD, SolidWorks

• Simulation software: ANSYS, MATLAB

• Programming languages: Python, C++, MATLAB

• Data analysis: Excel, MATLAB

• Project management: Microsoft Project, Trello

Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional to each other.

• Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave.

• Frequency is the number of waves passing through a point in one second.

• The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.

• The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength.

• The relationship between wavelength and frequency is described by the equation: wavelength = speed of light / frequency.

• For example, radio waves have a longer wa...read more

Buckingham pi theorem is a method to determine the number of dimensionless parameters in a physical problem.

• It is used in dimensional analysis.

• It helps to reduce the number of variables in a problem.

• It states that if a physical problem involves n variables and k fundamental dimensions, then the problem can be expressed in terms of n-k dimensionless parameters.

• For example, in fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that relates the inertial forces to ...read more

Embedded C is a subset of C language used for programming embedded systems, while Embedded C++ is a subset of C++ language with additional features for embedded systems.

• Embedded C is a subset of C language, with limited features and libraries compared to standard C.

• Embedded C++ is a subset of C++ language, with additional features like classes, inheritance, and polymorphism.

• Embedded C is commonly used for low-level programming in embedded systems, while Embedded C++ is used f...read more

Designed a final year project involving a deep learning model with a block diagram.

• Researched various deep learning algorithms and techniques

• Implemented the chosen algorithm using Python and TensorFlow

• Created a detailed block diagram to illustrate the project workflow

• Tested and evaluated the performance of the deep learning model

• Presented the project findings and results to faculty and peers

MS Project is a project management software used for planning, tracking, and managing projects.

• Creating project schedules

• Assigning tasks to team members

• Tracking progress and deadlines

• Resource management

• Generating reports and charts

• Collaboration with team members

• Integration with other Microsoft Office applications

Program to determine if a number is prime or not prime

• Create a function to check if a number is prime or not

• Iterate from 2 to the square root of the number and check for divisibility

• If the number is divisible by any number other than 1 and itself, it is not prime

• Return true if the number is prime, false otherwise

The principle of induction motor is based on the interaction between magnetic fields to generate rotational motion.

• Induction motor works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

• When an alternating current is passed through the stator windings, it creates a rotating magnetic field.

• This rotating magnetic field induces current in the rotor windings, causing it to rotate.

• The rotor always tries to catch up with the rotating magnetic field, resulting in continuous rotation.

• In...read more

Bending moment and shear force are key concepts in structural engineering, used to analyze the effects of loads on beams and other structures.

• Bending moment is the internal moment that causes a beam to bend. It is calculated as the product of the force applied and the distance from the point of application.

• Shear force is the internal force that causes one part of a material to slide past another part. It is calculated as the sum of all forces acting perpendicular to the axis ...read more

HAZOP stands for Hazard and Operability Study, while HAZID stands for Hazard Identification.

• HAZOP is a systematic method to identify potential hazards and operability issues in a process plant.

• HAZID is a process used to identify hazards in a facility or operation before they become accidents.

• Both HAZOP and HAZID are important tools in risk assessment and management in engineering projects.

5s culture in automobile refers to the implementation of a systematic approach to workplace organization and cleanliness.

• Sort - organizing items and removing unnecessary items from the workplace

• Set in order - arranging items in a logical and efficient manner

• Shine - cleaning and maintaining the workplace

• Standardize - establishing procedures and guidelines for maintaining the workplace

• Sustain - ensuring that the 5s culture is maintained and continuously improved

• Example: organiz...read more

Code to replace a character in a string

• Use a loop to iterate through each character in the string

• Check if the current character is the one to be replaced, then replace it

• Return the modified string

Use UPDATE command in SQL to change employee name.

• Use UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value WHERE condition;

• Example: UPDATE employees SET name = 'John Doe' WHERE id = 123;

An induction motor is a type of AC motor where power is supplied to the rotor by electromagnetic induction.

• Induction motors are commonly used in various applications such as pumps, fans, compressors, and conveyor systems.

• They do not require any physical connection between the rotor and the stator.

• The speed of an induction motor is determined by the frequency of the AC power supply and the number of poles in the motor.

• They are efficient, reliable, and have low maintenance requ...read more

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

• Consists of two or more coils of insulated wire wound around a core

• Primary coil receives electrical energy and induces a magnetic field in the core

• Secondary coil receives energy from the magnetic field and transfers it to the load

• Used to step up or step down voltage levels in electrical systems

• Examples include power transformers in electrical substations

Transformers have lower losses compared to induction motors due to their simpler design and operation.

• Transformers have core losses (eddy current and hysteresis losses) and copper losses (due to resistance in windings).

• Induction motors have similar losses but also include mechanical losses (friction and windage losses).

• Efficiency of transformers is typically higher than induction motors due to lower losses.

• Losses in transformers can be minimized by using high-quality material...read more

I successfully designed and implemented a new software system for optimizing energy consumption in buildings.

• Researched current energy consumption trends in buildings

• Developed algorithms to analyze and optimize energy usage

• Implemented software system using Python and SQL

• Conducted testing and validation to ensure accuracy

• Resulted in 20% reduction in energy consumption in test buildings

Shear force diagram shows the variation of shear force along the length of a beam, while bending moment diagram shows the variation of bending moment.

• Shear force diagram is plotted by taking the derivative of the bending moment diagram.

• Bending moment diagram is plotted by integrating the shear force diagram.

• Shear force changes sign at point of concentrated loads or reactions.

• Bending moment is zero at point of concentrated loads or reactions.

Metal fabrication is the process of cutting, shaping, and assembling metal materials to create a final product.

• Involves cutting, bending, and assembling metal materials

• Common techniques include welding, machining, and stamping

• Used in various industries such as automotive, construction, and aerospace

• Examples include creating metal structures, machinery parts, and tools

Transformer circuit diagram consists of primary and secondary coils connected by a magnetic core. Losses include core losses and copper losses.

• Transformer circuit diagram includes primary and secondary coils connected by a magnetic core

• Losses in a transformer include core losses (eddy current and hysteresis losses) and copper losses (due to resistance in windings)

• Efficiency of a transformer is affected by these losses