200+ Graduate Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Finite Element Analysis is a numerical method used to solve complex engineering problems by dividing them into smaller, simpler parts.

• It involves breaking down a complex structure into smaller elements and analyzing each element separately.

• The results of each element are then combined to obtain the overall behavior of the structure.

• FEA is used in various fields such as aerospace, automotive, civil, and mechanical engineering.

• Examples include stress analysis of a bridge, therm...read more

OC test is done on LV side to avoid high voltage on secondary side. SC test is done on HV side to avoid high current on primary side.

• LV side has lower voltage rating, hence safer for OC test

• HV side has higher current rating, hence suitable for SC test

• OC test checks insulation resistance and winding resistance

• SC test checks impedance and voltage regulation

• Example: A 100 MVA transformer with 220 kV HV and 33 kV LV rating

Ductility is the ability of a metal to deform under tensile stress. Temperature affects ductility.

• Ductility is the measure of a metal's ability to stretch without breaking.

• Metals with high ductility can be drawn into wires or hammered into thin sheets.

• Temperature affects ductility, as heating a metal can increase its ductility while cooling it can decrease it.

• For example, copper is highly ductile and can be easily drawn into wires, while brittle metals like cast iron have low...read more

Various sensors used in oil and gas industries include pressure sensors, temperature sensors, flow sensors, level sensors, and gas detectors.

• Pressure sensors - used to measure pressure in pipelines and equipment.

• Temperature sensors - monitor temperature levels in various processes.

• Flow sensors - measure the flow rate of liquids or gases in pipelines.

• Level sensors - detect the level of liquids in tanks or vessels.

• Gas detectors - used to detect the presence of harmful gases in ...read more

To find deflection of conical bodies acting with axial load, use the formula for deflection of a cone under axial load.

• Use the formula for deflection of a cone under axial load: delta = (P*L)/(E*A)

• P is the axial load, L is the length of the cone, E is the modulus of elasticity, and A is the cross-sectional area of the cone

• The deflection will be greater at the smaller end of the cone

• Consider the material properties of the cone when calculating the modulus of elasticity

• Ensure t...read more

Tests done on a transformer include insulation resistance test, turns ratio test, winding resistance test, and load test.

• Insulation resistance test checks the insulation resistance between windings and between windings and ground.

• Turns ratio test measures the ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding to the number of turns in the secondary winding.

• Winding resistance test measures the resistance of each winding to ensure it is within acceptable limits.

• Load test evalu...read more

VAR refrigeration system is a type of refrigeration system that uses variable speed compressors to adjust cooling capacity.

• VAR stands for Variable Refrigerant Volume or Variable Refrigerant Flow.

• It is used in buildings with varying cooling loads, such as hotels, hospitals, and offices.

• VAR systems use multiple indoor units connected to a single outdoor unit.

• VCR stands for Variable Capacity Refrigeration and uses a variable capacity compressor to adjust cooling capacity.

• VCR sys...read more

AC appliances are used in homes because AC can be easily converted to different voltages, making it more versatile for household use.

• AC can be easily converted to different voltages, making it more versatile for household use

• AC is more efficient for long-distance power transmission

• AC allows for the use of transformers to step up or step down voltage as needed

• AC motors are simpler and cheaper than DC motors for many applications

There are various types of bearings used in different applications, such as ball bearings for high-speed applications and roller bearings for heavy loads.

• Ball bearings are commonly used in machinery and equipment, such as electric motors and automotive applications.

• Roller bearings are suitable for heavy-duty applications, such as in construction equipment and industrial machinery.

• Thrust bearings are used to support axial loads, commonly found in automotive transmissions and m...read more

Hardness is a measure of a material's resistance to deformation.

• Hardness is typically measured using tests like Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, or Knoop.

• It is important in engineering to determine the suitability of materials for specific applications.

• Hardness can be affected by factors such as composition, heat treatment, and processing.

• Higher hardness values indicate greater resistance to indentation or scratching.

• Examples of hard materials include diamond, tungsten carbide, an...read more

Industrial production is the process of manufacturing goods on a large scale using machinery and labor.

• Types of production include mass production, batch production, and job production.

• Mass production involves producing large quantities of identical products, such as cars on an assembly line.

• Batch production involves producing a specific quantity of a product at a time, such as baking a batch of cookies.

• Job production involves producing a unique product for a specific custome...read more

Preventive maintenance involves regular inspections and maintenance to prevent breakdowns, while breakdown maintenance is performed after a breakdown occurs.

• Preventive maintenance is planned maintenance performed on a regular basis to prevent equipment failure.

• Breakdown maintenance is reactive maintenance performed after a breakdown has occurred to restore equipment to working condition.

• Types of couplings include rigid, flexible, and fluid couplings.

• Rigid couplings do not all...read more

The drawing can be manufactured using CNC machining processes.

• Identify the material required for the part

• Determine the dimensions and tolerances specified on the drawing

• Select appropriate CNC machine and tools for the job

• Program the CNC machine to follow the design specifications

• Perform test runs and quality checks to ensure accuracy

WordPress is a popular content management system used to create websites. To upload a website to a live server, you need to follow a few steps.

• Install WordPress on your local machine or server

• Create your website using WordPress

• Choose a web hosting provider and purchase a hosting plan

• Upload your website files to the hosting server using an FTP client or cPanel

• Create a database and user for your website on the hosting server

• Import your website's database to the hosting server

• Up...read more

Code to count the occurrence of each character in a string.

• Use a dictionary to store the count of each character.

• Iterate through the string and update the count in the dictionary.

• Print the dictionary to display the count of each character.

Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave.

• Wavelength is measured in meters or nanometers.

• It determines the color of light and sound frequency.

• Shorter wavelengths have higher energy than longer wavelengths.

• Examples include the wavelength of visible light, radio waves, and X-rays.

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Motor slip is the difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the motor. Synchronous speed (Ns) is the speed at which the rotating magnetic field of the motor is in synchronism with the frequency of the power supply.

• Transformer: electrical device ...read more

DBMS stands for Database Management System. DDL commands are used to define the structure of the database, while DML commands are used to manipulate data.

• DBMS is a software system that allows users to define, create, maintain, and control access to databases.

• DDL (Data Definition Language) commands are used to define the structure of the database, such as creating tables, altering table structures, and deleting tables.

• Examples of DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.

• DM...read more

C is a procedural programming language while C++ is a multi-paradigm programming language with object-oriented features.

• C is a procedural programming language while C++ supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.

• C does not have classes and objects like C++.

• C++ has features like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation which are not present in C.

• C++ allows function overloading and operator overloading which are not supported in C.

• C++ has a richer standard lib...read more

Level sensor, flow sensor, and temperature sensor are devices used to measure different physical parameters in various industries.

• Level sensor measures the level of a substance in a container or tank, such as liquid level sensors in water tanks.

• Flow sensor measures the flow rate of a fluid, like a flow meter in a pipeline.

• Temperature sensor measures the temperature of a system or environment, for example, a thermocouple in a furnace.

Yes, I have experience working with new technologies like blockchain and llms.

• Developed smart contracts on blockchain for secure transactions

• Implemented llms (Learning Management Systems) for online education platforms

• Stayed updated on latest advancements in blockchain and llms technology

Data visualization tools help to represent data in a graphical or pictorial format for better understanding.

• Some popular data visualization tools are Tableau, Power BI, QlikView, D3.js, and Google Charts.

• These tools can be used to create charts, graphs, maps, and other visual representations of data.

• To use these tools, one needs to import data into the software and select the appropriate visualization type.

• Then, customize the visualization by adding labels, colors, and other ...read more

The risk of the balloon popping outweighs the reward of tapping it for money.

• The risk of losing everything by the balloon popping is too high

• The potential reward of getting money for each tap is not worth the risk

• It is a game of chance where the odds are not in your favor

Frequency is the number of cycles per second in a periodic waveform.

• Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).

• It determines the pitch of a sound wave.

• Higher frequency means higher pitch and vice versa.

• Frequency is used in various fields like electronics, physics, and communication.

• Example: The frequency of a radio station is 98.5 MHz.

The weight of a sheet made of iron can be calculated by multiplying the volume of the sheet by the density of iron.

• Calculate the volume of the sheet by multiplying its length, width, and thickness.

• Determine the density of iron, which is typically around 7.87 g/cm^3.

• Multiply the volume of the sheet by the density of iron to get the weight in grams or kilograms.

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet, allowing users to access and store data on remote servers.

• Cloud computing allows users to access data and applications from any device with an internet connection.

• The basic deployment models of cloud computing are public, private, hybrid, and community clouds.

• Public clouds are owned and operated by third-party cloud service providers, offering resources like storage and virtual machines to the public.

• Pri...read more

Birds do not get shocked when sitting on live wires due to the principle of equipotentiality.

• Birds do not complete the circuit as they are not grounded

• Birds have a high resistance to electricity due to their body structure

• Electricity follows the path of least resistance, which is the wire rather than the bird

Yes, I have prior experience in PHP scripting and can perform CRUD operations.

• To create a record, use INSERT INTO statement

• To read a record, use SELECT statement

• To update a record, use UPDATE statement

• To delete a record, use DELETE statement

• Example: INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('John Doe', 'johndoe@example.com')

• Example: SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1

• Example: UPDATE users SET name = 'Jane Doe' WHERE id = 1

• Example: DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1

2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G are different generations of mobile network technology.

• 2G refers to second-generation mobile networks that primarily provided voice and text messaging services.

• 3G introduced faster data transfer speeds, enabling internet browsing, video calling, and multimedia services.

• 4G further improved data speeds, offering high-quality video streaming, online gaming, and advanced mobile applications.

• 5G is the fifth generation of mobile network technology, designed to pr...read more

Electrosteel is a leading manufacturer of ductile iron pipes and fittings for water and wastewater transportation.

• Electrosteel was established in 1955 in India.

• The company specializes in manufacturing ductile iron pipes and fittings for water and wastewater transportation.

• Electrosteel has a strong presence in the infrastructure sector and has supplied its products for various projects in India and abroad.

• The company is known for its high-quality products and innovative soluti...read more

Yes, I have trained a convolutional neural network from scratch to classify images of different dog breeds.

• Researched and collected a dataset of images of various dog breeds

• Preprocessed the images by resizing and normalizing them

• Designed a convolutional neural network architecture using TensorFlow

• Trained the model using the dataset and adjusted hyperparameters for better performance

• Evaluated the model's performance using metrics like accuracy and loss

• Fine-tuned the model to i...read more

Constructor initializes an object, destructor cleans up resources. Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class. Static function belongs to the class, not instances. Volatile keyword indicates a variable may be changed unexpectedly.

• Constructor initializes an object when it is created. Example: 'Car c = new Car();'

• Destructor cleans up resources when an object is destroyed. Example: 'delete ptr;'

• Polymorphism allows a child class to be treated as ...read more

Unit process involves a series of operations to achieve a specific goal, while unit operation is a single step in a process.

• Unit process involves multiple unit operations to achieve a specific goal.

• Unit operation is a single step in a process that involves physical or chemical changes.

• Examples of unit processes include distillation, filtration, and crystallization.

• Examples of unit operations include mixing, drying, and evaporation.

High voltage is used for transmission to reduce power loss and increase efficiency.

• High voltage reduces the current required for a given amount of power, which reduces power loss due to resistance in the transmission lines.

• Lower current also means smaller conductors can be used, reducing material and installation costs.

• High voltage transmission is more efficient over long distances, reducing the need for additional power generation.

• Examples of high voltage transmission system...read more

The generation voltage in India varies depending on the location and power plant.

• The voltage ranges from 110V to 440V depending on the location.

• The power plants generate electricity at different voltages.

• The national grid operates at a voltage of 400kV and 765kV.

• India has a mix of AC and DC power transmission systems.

Tensile strength of Ductile Iron is 420 MPa, indicating its ability to withstand pulling forces without breaking.

• Tensile strength is a measure of a material's ability to resist breaking under tension.

• Ductile Iron has a higher tensile strength compared to other types of iron, making it suitable for applications requiring strength and durability.

• Examples of applications where Ductile Iron's high tensile strength is beneficial include automotive components, pipes, and machinery ...read more

Class is a blueprint for creating objects. Objects are instances of a class.

• A class is a template or blueprint for creating objects

• An object is an instance of a class

• Classes define the properties and methods that objects will have

• Objects can have unique values for their properties while still sharing the same methods as other objects of the same class

I am familiar with Java, Python, and C++.

• Proficient in Java, with experience in developing web applications using Spring framework

• Skilled in Python, with knowledge of data analysis libraries such as Pandas and NumPy

• Familiar with C++, with experience in developing algorithms and data structures

Replace few letters before @ in email id with star and print the email id.

• Identify the position of @ in the email address

• Replace few letters before @ with *

• Print the modified email id

Hydraulic systems use liquid to transmit power while pneumatic systems use gas.

• Hydraulic systems are typically used for heavy-duty applications such as construction equipment and aircraft landing gear.

• Pneumatic systems are often used in lighter applications such as air brakes on trucks and buses.

• Hydraulic systems are generally more powerful and can operate at higher pressures than pneumatic systems.

• Pneumatic systems are typically less expensive and easier to maintain than hyd...read more

Topics studied in advanced welding include metallurgy, welding processes, welding defects, welding codes and standards, and advanced welding techniques.

• Metallurgy in welding

• Different welding processes (e.g. TIG, MIG, stick)

• Common welding defects and how to prevent them

• Understanding welding codes and standards

• Advanced welding techniques (e.g. laser welding, friction stir welding)

Different types of heat treatment processes include annealing, tempering, quenching, and case hardening.

• Annealing: Heating metal to a specific temperature and then slowly cooling it to relieve internal stresses and increase ductility.

• Tempering: Reheating quenched metal to a specific temperature to improve toughness and reduce brittleness.

• Quenching: Rapidly cooling heated metal to increase hardness by forming a martensitic structure.

• Case hardening: Adding a hard outer layer to...read more

Digital Electronics is a branch of electronics that deals with digital signals and systems.

• Deals with digital signals (0s and 1s)

• Involves logic gates, flip-flops, and digital circuits

• Used in computers, calculators, digital watches, etc.

• Binary arithmetic and Boolean algebra are fundamental concepts

Corona loss is the power loss in transmission lines due to ionization of air around the conductors. It occurs at high voltages. Critical disruptive voltage is the voltage at which corona loss starts.

• Corona loss is caused by the ionization of air around high voltage conductors

• It occurs at voltages typically above 220 kV

• Corona loss increases with increasing voltage and frequency

• Critical disruptive voltage is the voltage at which corona discharge starts to occur

• Corona loss can b...read more

Type casting is changing the data type of a variable, while type conversion is converting a value from one data type to another.

• Type casting is done explicitly by the programmer, while type conversion can be done implicitly by the compiler.

• Type casting can lead to loss of data if the new data type cannot hold the original value, while type conversion may involve data loss depending on the conversion.

• Example of type casting: int x = (int) 3.14;

• Example of type conversion: int y...read more

Hydraulic fluids can be differentiated based on their viscosity, additives, and base oil.

• Viscosity: determines the fluid's resistance to flow

• Additives: improve the fluid's performance and protect against wear and corrosion

• Base oil: can be mineral, synthetic, or vegetable-based

• Examples: mineral oil, synthetic oil, water-based fluids

Python has libraries like SQLAlchemy, psycopg2 for database connectivity. Use these libraries to connect Python with databases.

• Use SQLAlchemy library for ORM (Object Relational Mapping) to interact with databases.

• Use psycopg2 library for direct interaction with PostgreSQL database.

• Install the required libraries using pip install .

• Establish connection to the database using appropriate credentials.

• Execute SQL queries using Python code to interact with the database.