50+ Cheeran Varghese and Co, Chartered Accountants Interview Questions and Answers

I have worked with various communication technologies and protocols across different OSI layers.

• TCP/IP - fits in transport layer

• HTTP - fits in application layer

• Ethernet - fits in data link layer

• SMTP - fits in application layer

• UDP - fits in transport layer

OOPs in JavaScript is a programming paradigm that uses objects to represent real-world entities. Functional programming is a paradigm that uses functions to perform tasks.

• OOPs in JavaScript involves creating objects that have properties and methods.

• Functional programming involves creating functions that take input and produce output without modifying the input.

• OOPs focuses on encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

• Functional programming focuses on immutability, higher-o...read more

Event loop is a mechanism that allows JavaScript to perform non-blocking I/O operations.

• Event loop is responsible for handling asynchronous callbacks in JavaScript.

• Tasks in the queue can be either microtasks or macrotasks.

• Microtasks are executed before macrotasks.

• Examples of macrotasks include setTimeout, setInterval, and I/O operations.

• Examples of microtasks include Promise callbacks and mutation observer callbacks.

I have worked on the Agile SDLC and primarily function as a Scrum Master.

• I have experience working in Agile environments, specifically using Scrum methodology.

• I have led daily stand-up meetings, sprint planning sessions, and retrospectives.

• I have collaborated with cross-functional teams to deliver high-quality software products on time.

• I have used tools like Jira and Trello to track progress and manage tasks.

Yes, I am familiar with TMF standards and have used them in previous projects.

• I have used TMF Reference Model for organizing and managing clinical trial documentation

• I am familiar with TMF structure and content requirements

• I have experience in implementing TMF standards to ensure compliance with regulatory guidelines

Telecom company vs Verizon comparison for Principal Engineer role

• Telecom companies may have a more traditional approach to business operations compared to Verizon's focus on innovation and technology

• Verizon may have a stronger emphasis on customer service and satisfaction

• Verizon's network infrastructure and technology advancements may be more advanced compared to some telecom companies

• Verizon's corporate culture and values may differ from those of a typical telecom company

Callbacks hell is a situation where nested callbacks make code hard to read and maintain. Promises, observables, and async/await are solutions to this problem.

• Callbacks hell occurs when there are too many nested callbacks in code.

• Promises are a way to handle asynchronous operations in JavaScript.

• Observables are similar to promises but can handle multiple values over time.

• Async/await is a syntax for writing asynchronous code that looks like synchronous code.

Higher order functions are functions that take other functions as arguments or return functions as their result.

• Higher order functions allow for more flexible and reusable code.

• They can be used for tasks such as filtering, mapping, and reducing arrays.

• Examples include Array.prototype.map(), Array.prototype.filter(), and Array.prototype.reduce().

Program to find a missing number in Arrays

• Sort the array and iterate to find the missing number

• Use XOR operation to find the missing number

• Calculate the sum of all numbers and subtract from the sum of expected numbers to find the missing number

I have experience working with OSS and BSS systems such as NetCracker, Amdocs, and CSG.

• NetCracker

• Amdocs

• CSG

Closure is a function that has access to variables in its outer scope, even after the outer function has returned.

• A closure can be used to create private variables and methods in JavaScript.

• Closures can be used to implement partial application and currying.

• Event listeners and callbacks often use closures to maintain state between function calls.

• Closures can be used to create memoized functions that cache their results for future use.

The Collection Framework is a unified architecture for representing and manipulating collections in Java.

• It provides interfaces like List, Set, Queue, etc. for storing and manipulating collections of objects.

• It also provides concrete classes like ArrayList, HashSet, PriorityQueue, etc. that implement these interfaces.

• It supports algorithms like sorting, searching, and shuffling on collections.

• It is a part of the Java Collections Framework.

• Example: List names = new ArrayList<>...read more

End-to-end process flow across OSS and BSS involves order management, service activation, billing, and customer care.

• Order is placed by customer through self-service portal or customer service representative in OSS

• Order is validated, processed, and provisioned in OSS

• Service activation triggers in BSS, updating customer account and billing information

• Billing system generates invoice based on service usage and sends to customer

• Customer care system tracks customer interactions a...read more

Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps.

• Redux is used for managing the state of an application.

• It is commonly used with React to manage the state of components.

• Redux uses a single store to manage the state of an entire application.

• Actions are dispatched to the store to update the state.

• Reducers are used to update the state based on the dispatched actions.

• Functional components can use the useSelector hook to access the state.

• Class components can use the conn...read more

I have extensive experience working with OSS and BSS systems in the telecommunications industry.

• Implemented and maintained OSS/BSS systems for network inventory management

• Developed custom solutions for billing and customer management using OSS/BSS platforms

• Integrated OSS/BSS systems with third-party applications for seamless operations

Yes, I have experience with REST API and Microservices.

• Developed RESTful APIs using Node.js and Express framework

• Implemented Microservices architecture using Docker and Kubernetes

• Utilized Swagger for API documentation and testing

• Worked on integrating third-party APIs in microservices architecture

Browsers use rendering engines to interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to display web pages.

• Browsers use rendering engines to interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

• The rendering engine parses the HTML and creates a DOM tree.

• The rendering engine then applies CSS rules to the DOM tree to create a render tree.

• The render tree is then laid out to determine the position of each element on the page.

• Finally, the rendering engine paints the render tree on the screen.

• JavaScript can manipu...read more

Output of the code in JavaScript

• Need to see the code to determine output

• Output can vary based on input and logic

• Can use console.log() to print output

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and is used as a base class for other classes.

• An abstract class can have abstract and non-abstract methods.

• Abstract methods have no implementation and must be implemented by the subclass.

• A class can only extend one abstract class but can implement multiple interfaces.

• Abstract classes are used to provide a common interface for a group of related classes.

• Example: abstract class Animal { abstract void makeSound(); }

Compile time polymorphism is method overloading, while run time polymorphism is method overriding. Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java.

• Compile time polymorphism is achieved through method overloading, where multiple methods have the same name but different parameters.

• Run time polymorphism is achieved through method overriding, where a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.

• Java does not support multiple inhe...read more

To check if two words are anagrams, compare the sorted characters of each word.

• Sort the characters of both words

• Compare the sorted characters to check if they are equal

• Handle edge cases like different lengths or special characters

Data helps in product management by providing insights into user behavior and preferences.

• Data helps in identifying user needs and preferences, which can inform product development.

• Data can be used to track user behavior and identify areas for improvement.

• Data can also be used to measure the success of product changes and inform future decisions.

• In a previous role, I worked in a data-driven environment where we used A/B testing to inform product decisions.

• We also regularly an...read more

Expected CTC should be justified if greater than 30%

• Highlighting additional skills or experience that justify the higher salary

• Explaining the market demand for the role and the competitive salary range

• Demonstrating the value you bring to the company that justifies the higher compensation

User stories should be written in a simple and concise manner, focusing on the user's needs and goals.

• Start with 'As a [user], I want [goal], so that [reason]' format

• Include acceptance criteria for developers to understand the requirements

• Use personas to create realistic user stories

• Prioritize user stories based on business value and complexity

• Collaborate with stakeholders to refine and validate user stories

Constructor can be declared static or non-static depending on the use case.

• If a constructor is declared static, it means it can be called without creating an instance of the class.

• Static constructors are used to initialize static fields of the class.

• Non-static constructors are used to initialize instance fields of the class.

• If a class has both static and non-static constructors, the non-static constructor is called when an instance of the class is created.

I would suggest adding a feature to allow users to customize their dashboard based on their preferences.

• The app should allow users to choose which information they want to see on their dashboard

• Users should be able to rearrange the order of the information displayed

• The app should also allow users to set alerts for specific market events

• This feature would improve user experience by providing more personalized information

• For example, a user who is primarily interested in crypto...read more

Different approaches to optimizing SQL include indexing, query optimization, and database design.

• Use indexing to improve query performance

• Optimize queries by avoiding unnecessary joins and using appropriate functions

• Design the database schema efficiently to reduce redundancy and improve data retrieval speed

Locators are used to identify web elements in Selenium.

• Locators are used to find and interact with web elements on a web page.

• There are several types of locators in Selenium, including ID, name, class name, tag name, link text, and partial link text.

• For example, to find an element with the ID 'username', you would use the ID locator: driver.findElement(By.id('username'));

I evaluate factors such as scalability, compatibility, cost, and user experience to choose the best technology for a product.

• Assess the scalability of the technology to ensure it can handle future growth

• Consider compatibility with existing systems and technologies

• Evaluate the cost of implementing and maintaining the technology

• Prioritize user experience by choosing technology that enhances usability and performance

Program to reverse a string

• Use a loop to iterate through the string and append each character to a new string in reverse order

• Alternatively, use built-in string reversal functions in some programming languages

To find a one element Xpath in Amazon.com

• Inspect the element in the browser

• Right-click on the element and select 'Copy XPath'

• Use the copied XPath in your code

An explicit constructor is a constructor that is defined with the 'explicit' keyword.

• It is used to prevent implicit conversions from the constructor's parameter type to the class type.

• It requires the constructor to be called explicitly with the class name and constructor arguments.

• It is commonly used to avoid unexpected type conversions and improve code clarity.

To find the count of items bought by a customer from Flipkart during a year excluding February, you need to aggregate the data and filter out February transactions.

• Aggregate the data by customer and item purchased

• Filter out transactions from February

• Count the number of items bought by each customer

Yes, I have written a whitepaper on the implementation of machine learning algorithms in cybersecurity.

• Researched various machine learning algorithms commonly used in cybersecurity

• Analyzed the effectiveness of different algorithms in detecting and preventing cyber threats

• Discussed practical implementation strategies for integrating machine learning into existing cybersecurity systems

Yes, I have registered two patents related to renewable energy technologies.

• Patent 1: Solar panel design for increased efficiency

• Patent 2: Wind turbine blade design for improved performance

An interface in Java is a collection of abstract methods and constants that can be implemented by a class.

• An interface is declared using the interface keyword.

• It can be implemented by any class using the implements keyword.

• All methods in an interface are implicitly public and abstract.

• Interfaces can also contain constants, which are implicitly public, static, and final.

• Interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and provide a way for unrelated classes to communicate with each ...read more

Prioritisation of features involves evaluating impact, effort, and alignment with business goals. Decision maker varies based on company structure.

• Prioritisation is based on impact on users, business goals, and resources available.

• Effort required to implement the feature is also considered.

• Alignment with overall product strategy and roadmap is crucial.

• Decision maker can be product manager, stakeholders, or cross-functional team.

• Examples: High impact features with low effort m...read more

Relative XPath is a way to locate elements in XML or HTML documents based on their position relative to other elements.

• Relative XPath uses the relationships between elements to navigate the document structure.

• It is more flexible than absolute XPath as it adapts to changes in the document's structure.

• Relative XPath expressions start with a reference to an element and then use various axes and predicates to locate the desired element.

• Example: //div[@class='container']/a[2] sele...read more

Clustering involves grouping similar data together, while partitioning involves dividing data into smaller, manageable sections.

• Clustering is used to group similar data points together based on certain criteria, such as customer segments or product categories.

• Partitioning involves dividing a large dataset into smaller, more manageable sections for easier data retrieval and processing.

• Clustering is often used for data analysis and machine learning tasks, while partitioning is ...read more

Selenium automation can control Chrome browser capabilities such as handling pop-ups, cookies, and browser settings.

• Selenium can handle pop-ups and alerts using the switchTo() method

• Cookies can be managed using the addCookie() and deleteCookie() methods

• Browser settings can be modified using the ChromeOptions class

• Examples: disabling images, setting the browser window size, and using headless mode

Filter external prefixes entering OSPF domain by using distribute-list or prefix-list

• Use distribute-list or prefix-list to filter external prefixes entering OSPF domain

• Create an access-list to match the external prefixes that need to be filtered

• Apply the distribute-list or prefix-list to the OSPF process on the specific interface

• Verify the filtering by checking OSPF neighbor relationships and routing table

As a frequent traveler, I want to be able to easily book and manage my hotel reservations.

• User can search for hotels based on location, dates, and price range.

• User can view hotel details, including amenities and photos.

• User can book a room and receive confirmation.

• User can manage their reservations, including modifying or cancelling bookings.

• User can leave reviews and ratings for hotels they have stayed at.

• User can earn rewards or loyalty points for booking through the platfo...read more

Yes, I have extensive experience in automation including scripting, testing, and deployment.

• Developed automation scripts using tools like Selenium, Jenkins, and Puppet

• Implemented automated testing frameworks to improve efficiency and accuracy

• Utilized automation for continuous integration and deployment processes

• Experience with scripting languages such as Python, Bash, and PowerShell

Yes, I have extensive experience working with cloud technologies such as AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud.

• Experience in designing and implementing cloud infrastructure

• Proficient in using cloud services such as EC2, S3, and RDS

• Knowledge of cloud security best practices

• Experience with cloud automation tools like Terraform and Ansible

Yes, I have experience with devOps in previous roles.

• Implemented CI/CD pipelines to automate software delivery processes

• Utilized tools like Jenkins, Git, Docker, and Kubernetes for deployment and monitoring

• Worked closely with development and operations teams to streamline workflows

Hadoop is a distributed open-source framework for storing and processing large datasets, while GCP (Google Cloud Platform) is a cloud computing service that offers various data processing and storage solutions.

• Consider the size and complexity of your data: Hadoop is better suited for large-scale batch processing, while GCP offers more flexibility and scalability for various types of workloads.

• Evaluate your team's expertise: Hadoop requires specialized skills in managing and m...read more

Handling conflicts and discussions involves active listening, empathy, open communication, and finding common ground.

• Practice active listening to understand the other person's perspective

• Show empathy and try to see the situation from their point of view

• Communicate openly and honestly to express your own thoughts and feelings

• Focus on finding common ground and solutions that benefit both parties

• Stay calm and respectful, avoid escalating the conflict

ITIL stands for Information Technology Infrastructure Library. It is a set of best practices for IT service management.

• ITIL provides a framework for IT service management to align IT services with the needs of the business.

• It helps organizations improve efficiency, reduce costs, and provide better customer service.

• ITIL consists of a series of publications that provide guidance on the provision of quality IT services.

• Examples of ITIL processes include incident management, chan...read more

Security groups control inbound/outbound traffic while NAT gateway allows instances in private subnets to access internet.

• Security groups act as a virtual firewall for instances and control inbound/outbound traffic based on rules defined by the user.

• NAT gateway allows instances in private subnets to access the internet while keeping them secure by not exposing their IP addresses to the internet.

• Security groups are associated with instances while NAT gateway is associated with...read more

I can value add by leveraging my expertise in strategic planning, problem-solving, and team leadership to drive successful project outcomes.

• Developing and implementing strategic plans to achieve project goals

• Utilizing problem-solving skills to overcome challenges and obstacles

• Leading and motivating teams to maximize productivity and collaboration

A pem file contains both the private key and the certificate, while a key file only contains the private key.

• A pem file is used for SSL/TLS certificates

• A key file is used for SSH authentication

• Pem files can be converted to key files using OpenSSL

• Pem files are often used in web servers like Apache and Nginx

Excel formulas are used to perform calculations and manipulate data in spreadsheets.

• Formulas start with an equal sign (=)

• Functions can be used in formulas to perform specific calculations

• Cell references can be used in formulas to reference data in other cells

• Formulas can be copied and pasted to other cells

• Examples: SUM, AVERAGE, IF, VLOOKUP