10+ Einfochips Interview Questions and Answers

Shallow copy creates a new object with the same reference as the original, while deep copy creates a new object with a new reference.

• Shallow copy only copies the reference of the original object, while deep copy creates a new object with a new reference and copies the values of the original object.

• In Python, shallow copy can be made using the copy() method, while deep copy can be made using the deepcopy() method from the copy module.

• Example of shallow copy: list2 = list1 (bot...read more

Program to reverse string without extra space using recursion

• Use a recursive function to swap the first and last characters of the string

• Recursively call the function on the remaining substring

• Base case: when the string length is 0 or 1, return the string itself

Reference is an alias to an existing variable while pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.

• References cannot be null while pointers can be null

• References cannot be re-assigned while pointers can be re-assigned

• L-value refers to the memory location of a variable while R-value refers to the value stored in that memory location

I have used vector, deque, list, stack, queue, and priority_queue containers in STL.

• Vector is used for dynamic arrays.

• Deque is used for double-ended queues.

• List is used for doubly linked lists.

• Stack is used for LIFO data structure.

• Queue is used for FIFO data structure.

• Priority_queue is used for priority queues.

Copy constructor is a special constructor that creates a new object by copying an existing object.

• It is used to create a new object with the same values as an existing object.

• It takes an object of the same class as a parameter.

• It is used to avoid shallow copy issues.

• Example: MyClass(const MyClass& obj) { //copy constructor code }

Matrix multiplication is a mathematical operation that combines two matrices to produce a third matrix.

• Matrix multiplication involves multiplying the rows of the first matrix by the columns of the second matrix.

• The number of columns in the first matrix must equal the number of rows in the second matrix.

• The resulting matrix will have the same number of rows as the first matrix and the same number of columns as the second matrix.

Function overriding is a feature in object-oriented programming where a subclass provides a different implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.

• It allows a subclass to provide its own implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.

• The method in the subclass must have the same name, return type, and parameters as the method in the superclass.

• The method in the subclass can have a different implementation than the method in the su...read more

OOP's pillars are Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.

• Abstraction: Hiding implementation details and showing only necessary information.

• Encapsulation: Binding data and functions together and restricting access to them.

• Inheritance: Creating new classes from existing ones, inheriting properties and methods.

• Polymorphism: Ability of objects to take on many forms and perform different actions based on context.

Program to create Fibonacci sequence pyramid

• Start by defining the number of rows for the pyramid

• Use nested loops to generate Fibonacci numbers for each row

• Print the Fibonacci numbers in pyramid format

A vector is a dynamic array that can resize itself automatically when elements are added or removed.

• Vectors are part of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL).

• They provide similar functionality to arrays but with additional features like automatic resizing.

• Vectors can be accessed using index notation and have methods for adding, removing, and accessing elements.

• Example: vector numbers = {1, 2, 3}; numbers.push_back(4); int thirdElement = numbers[2];

Yes, JavaScript is an asynchronous language.

• JavaScript uses callbacks and promises to handle asynchronous operations.

• Asynchronous functions allow other code to run while waiting for a response.

• Example: setTimeout() function in JavaScript is asynchronous.

To project a point on a line, calculate the perpendicular distance from the point to the line and find the point on the line that is closest to the given point.

• Calculate the slope of the line

• Find the equation of the line

• Calculate the perpendicular distance from the point to the line using the formula |Ax + By + C| / sqrt(A^2 + B^2)

• Find the point on the line that is closest to the given point by moving along the perpendicular line

STLC stands for Software Testing Life Cycle, which is a series of steps performed to ensure the quality of a software product. Defect life cycle refers to the stages a defect goes through from identification to resolution.

• STLC involves phases like requirement analysis, test planning, test design, test execution, and test closure.

• Defect life cycle includes stages like New, Assigned, Open, Fixed, Retest, Reopen, and Closed.

• STLC focuses on preventing defects, while defect life c...read more