20+ Shiv Nadar Foundation Interview Questions and Answers

There are three forms of normalization in database design: 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF.

• 1NF (First Normal Form) - Ensures that each column in a table contains atomic values. No repeating groups of columns are allowed.

• 2NF (Second Normal Form) - Requires that the table is in 1NF and all non-key attributes are fully functional dependent on the primary key.

• 3NF (Third Normal Form) - Builds on 2NF by ensuring that there are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes.

Partial dependency in 2NF can be removed by splitting the table into two separate tables.

• Identify the attributes causing partial dependency in the table.

• Create a new table with the partially dependent attributes along with the determinant attribute.

• Link the new table to the original table using a foreign key.

• Ensure each table now satisfies 2NF independently.

Abstraction is the process of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features of an object.

• Abstraction allows us to focus on what an object does rather than how it does it.

• It helps in reducing complexity and improving efficiency in software development.

• Pseudocode example: abstract class Shape { abstract void draw(); }

• In the example above, the Shape class is abstract and only defines the draw method without specifying how it should be implemented.

Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

• Encapsulation helps in hiding the internal state of an object and restricting access to it.

• It allows for better control over the data by preventing direct access from outside the class.

• Encapsulation is achieved in object-oriented programming languages through the use of access specifiers like public, private, and protected.

• Pseudocode example: class Car { private int speed; pu...read more

The regulatory authority of banks in India is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central banking institution in India

• RBI regulates the functioning of banks in India to ensure financial stability and prevent malpractices

• It issues guidelines, policies, and regulations for banks to follow

Languages - 4, Development - 3, Databases - 3

• Proficient in Java and Python for development

• Familiar with SQL for database management

• Continuously learning new languages and technologies

SQL query to find MAXIMUM salary from the table

• Use the SELECT statement to retrieve data

• Use the MAX() function to find the maximum salary

• Specify the column name for salary in the query

SQL query to find second maximum salary from a table.

• Use the MAX function to find the highest salary

• Use the WHERE clause to exclude the highest salary

• Order the results in descending order and limit the output to 1

1NF is the first step in database normalization where each column in a table contains only atomic values.

• Each column in a table must contain only a single value

• Values in a column must be of the same data type

• Each column must have a unique name

• Example: A table with columns for student ID, name, and address

2NF is a database normalization form that ensures non-prime attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

• In 2NF, a table is in 1NF and all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

• It eliminates partial dependencies by moving non-prime attributes to a separate table.

• For example, if we have a table with columns {Student ID, Course, Instructor}, where Course depends on Student ID, it violates 2NF.

• To normalize it, we can create two ...read more

Create a SQL query to create a database with proper fields

• Use CREATE DATABASE statement to create a new database

• Specify the database name after CREATE DATABASE

• Define the fields and their data types using CREATE TABLE statement

There are 4 types of inheritance in object-oriented programming: single, multiple, multilevel, and hierarchical.

• Single inheritance: a class inherits from only one base class.

• Multiple inheritance: a class inherits from more than one base class.

• Multilevel inheritance: a class inherits from a derived class, which in turn inherits from another class.

• Hierarchical inheritance: multiple classes inherit from a single base class.

Union and intersection are set operations in mathematics.

• Union of two sets includes all unique elements from both sets

• Intersection of two sets includes only elements that are common to both sets

• Example: Set A = {1, 2, 3} and Set B = {3, 4, 5}, Union of A and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, Intersection of A and B = {3}

The 4 pillars refer to the key components of a consulting framework: problem solving, client management, team collaboration, and personal development.

• Problem solving involves analyzing issues, developing solutions, and implementing strategies.

• Client management focuses on building relationships, understanding needs, and delivering value.

• Team collaboration requires effective communication, coordination, and leveraging diverse skills.

• Personal development involves continuous lear...read more

Object Oriented Programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data in the form of fields and code in the form of procedures.

• OOP focuses on creating objects that interact with each other to solve problems.

• Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are key principles of OOP.

• Classes are used to create objects, which can have attributes (fields) and methods (functions).

• Example: In a banking system, a 'Customer' class can have attribute...read more

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard language for managing and manipulating databases.

• SQL is used to communicate with databases to perform tasks such as querying data, updating data, and creating databases.

• It is a declarative language, meaning users specify what they want to retrieve or modify without needing to specify how to do it.

• Common SQL commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, and DROP.

• SQL is used in a wide range of database management systems,...read more

Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit

• Inheritance: Ability of a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class

• Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different data types

• Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features

3NF is a database normalization technique that ensures data is stored in a table with no transitive dependencies.

• Each non-prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on every super key.

• Every non-prime attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

• Helps in reducing data redundancy and improving data integrity.

• Example: If a table has columns A, B, and C where B is functionally dependent on A, and C is functionally dependent on B, then it violates 3NF.

• To convert...read more

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

• Normalization involves breaking down data into smaller, more manageable tables

• It helps in reducing data redundancy by storing data in a structured way

• Normalization ensures data integrity by avoiding update anomalies

• There are different normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF

• Example: A customer table and an orders table linked by a customer ID to avoid repeating custo...read more

Character functions are functions in programming that manipulate individual characters within a string.

• Character functions can be used to convert characters to uppercase or lowercase.

• They can also be used to check if a character is a digit or a letter.

• Examples include functions like toupper(), tolower(), isdigit(), isalpha().

Number functions are mathematical operations that can be performed on numbers to manipulate or analyze data.

• Number functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, etc.

• They can be used to perform calculations in various fields such as finance, engineering, and statistics.

• Examples of number functions include finding the average of a set of numbers, calculating the square root, or determining the maximum value in a dataset.

Polymorphism is the ability of a single function or method to operate on different types of data.

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass.

• It enables a single interface to represent multiple data types.

• Examples include method overloading and method overriding in object-oriented programming.

Character functions are used to manipulate individual characters in a string.

• toupper(): Converts a character to uppercase

• tolower(): Converts a character to lowercase

Number functions are mathematical operations that can be performed on numbers.

• Two number functions include addition and subtraction.

• Addition is the process of combining two or more numbers to get a total.

• Subtraction is the process of taking one number away from another to find the difference.

Inheritance is a concept in object-oriented programming where a class can inherit attributes and methods from another class.

• Allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class

• Promotes code reusability and reduces redundancy

• Derived class can add its own unique attributes and methods

• Examples: Parent class 'Animal' can have attributes like 'name' and methods like 'eat', and Child class 'Dog' can inherit these attributes and methods

Joints are connections between bones that allow movement.

• Joints are where two or more bones meet in the body

• They are held together by ligaments

• Joints allow for movement and flexibility

• Examples include the knee joint, elbow joint, and hip joint

Joints are connections between bones that allow movement. There are different types of joints in the human body.

• Fibrous joints - immovable joints found in the skull (e.g. sutures)

• Cartilaginous joints - slightly movable joints found in the spine (e.g. intervertebral discs)

• Synovial joints - freely movable joints found in the limbs (e.g. knee, elbow, shoulder)

Explain them in short

• Provide a concise explanation of a topic or concept

• Avoid unnecessary details and focus on key points

• Use clear and simple language to ensure understanding