Covalent Laboratories Chemist Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

Distillation columns are classified based on their internal structure and operation.

• Distillation columns can be classified as batch or continuous columns.

• Common types of distillation columns include simple distillation columns, fractional distillation columns, and steam distillation columns.

• The type of distillation column used depends on the specific separation requirements and properties of the components being separa

A pH meter is a scientific instrument used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Calibration ensures accurate readings.

• pH meter measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

• Calibration involves adjusting the pH meter to known standard solutions

• Regular calibration ensures accurate readings over time

HPLC stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography, which consists of a pump, injector, column, detector, and integrator.

• HPLC involves a pump to push the liquid solvent through the system.

• It includes an injector to introduce the sample into the mobile phase.

• The column separates the components of the sample based on their interactions with the stationary phase.

• A detector measures the amount of analyte in the eluent.

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Buffers commonly used in HPLC include phosphate buffers, acetate buffers, and citrate buffers.

• Phosphate buffers are commonly used in HPLC for separating acidic compounds.

• Acetate buffers are used for separating basic compounds.

• Citrate buffers are used for separating metal ions.

• Other common buffers used in HPLC include ammonium acetate and ammonium formate.

HPLC calibration involves adjusting parameters to ensure accurate and reliable results.

• Prepare standard solutions of known concentrations

• Run the standard solutions through the HPLC system

• Compare the results to expected values and adjust parameters as needed

• Repeat the process until accurate and consistent results are obtained