20+ Institute of Wood Science and Technology Interview Questions and Answers

Over-fitting is when a model is too complex and fits the training data too well, while under-fitting is when a model is too simple and cannot capture the underlying patterns in the data.

• Over-fitting occurs when a model is trained too much on the training data and starts to memorize it instead of learning the underlying patterns.

• Under-fitting occurs when a model is too simple and cannot capture the complexity of the data.

• To deal with over-fitting, one can use techniques such a...read more

Label encoding and one-hot encoding are techniques used to convert categorical data into numerical data.

• Label encoding assigns a unique numerical value to each category in a feature.

• One-hot encoding creates a binary vector for each category in a feature.

• Label encoding is useful when the categories have an inherent order or hierarchy.

• One-hot encoding is useful when the categories are unordered or when the number of categories is small.

• One-hot encoding can lead to a high-dimens...read more

A docker image is a lightweight, standalone, executable package that includes everything needed to run an application.

• Docker images are created using a Dockerfile which contains instructions for building the image.

• Images can be stored in a registry and pulled to run on any machine with Docker installed.

• To check running containers, use the command 'docker ps' which lists all running containers.

• To see all containers, including stopped ones, use 'docker ps -a'.

AWS S3 has 6 storage classes: S3 Standard, S3 Intelligent-Tiering, S3 Standard-Infrequent Access, S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access, S3 Glacier, and S3 Glacier Deep Archive.

• S3 Standard: for frequently accessed data

• S3 Intelligent-Tiering: automatically moves data to the most cost-effective tier

• S3 Standard-Infrequent Access: for long-lived, infrequently accessed data

• S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access: for infrequently accessed data that can be recreated

• S3 Glacier: for long-term archival...read more

Python function to check if a number is palindrome or not.

• Convert the number to a string

• Reverse the string

• Compare the reversed string with the original string

• Return True if they are equal, else False

Python function to check if a number is prime or not

• Check if number is less than 2, return False

• Check if number is divisible by any number from 2 to its square root, return False

• Else, return True

Metrics for regression problems

• Mean Squared Error (MSE)

• Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)

• Mean Absolute Error (MAE)

• R-squared (R²) score

• Coefficient of Determination

• Explained Variance Score

args and kwargs are special syntax in Python used to pass a variable number of arguments to a function.

• args is used to pass a variable number of non-keyword arguments to a function

• kwargs is used to pass a variable number of keyword arguments to a function

• args is represented by an asterisk (*) and kwargs is represented by two asterisks (**)

• args and kwargs can be used together in a function definition

• Example: def my_func(*args, **kwargs):

AWS SageMaker DataWrangler is a data preparation service that helps to clean and normalize data for machine learning.

• It provides a visual interface to explore, transform, and combine data from various sources.

• It supports a wide range of data formats and can handle missing or inconsistent data.

• It generates code in Python or PySpark for reproducibility and scalability.

• It integrates with other AWS services like SageMaker Studio and Glue for end-to-end ML workflows.

A layer in AWS Lambda is a distribution mechanism for libraries, custom runtimes, and other function dependencies.

• Layers can be used to manage dependencies for multiple functions.

• They can be created and managed in the AWS Management Console or through the AWS CLI.

• Layers can be shared across multiple AWS accounts and regions.

• They can be used to separate code from configuration and make it easier to update dependencies.

• Examples of layers include libraries for machine learning f...read more

OOP concepts, Exception Handling, Cloud, Inheritance types

• OOP concepts include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism

• Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors

• Cloud refers to the delivery of computing services over the internet

• Inheritance types include single, multiple, multilevel, and hierarchical

I have worked on AWS services such as EC2, S3, RDS, Lambda, and CloudFormation for various use cases.

• EC2 - for hosting applications and websites

• S3 - for storing and retrieving large amounts of data

• RDS - for managing relational databases

• Lambda - for serverless computing and running code without provisioning or managing servers

• CloudFormation - for automating the deployment of infrastructure as code

The presales process involves understanding customer needs, creating proposals, and presenting solutions.

• Qualifying leads and understanding customer requirements

• Creating tailored proposals and solutions

• Presenting solutions to customers and addressing any concerns

• Negotiating terms and pricing

• Closing the deal and handing over to the sales team

AWS and Azure offer a wide range of cloud services for various business needs.

• Compute services (e.g. AWS EC2, Azure Virtual Machines)

• Storage services (e.g. AWS S3, Azure Blob Storage)

• Database services (e.g. AWS RDS, Azure SQL Database)

• Networking services (e.g. AWS VPC, Azure Virtual Network)

• Analytics services (e.g. AWS Redshift, Azure HDInsight)

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet, including storage, databases, networking, software, and more.

• Cloud computing allows users to access resources on-demand without the need for physical infrastructure.

• Examples of cloud computing services include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

• Cloud computing offers scalability, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and increased collaboration among users.

To add a plugin in Jenkins, you can use the Jenkins web interface or manually upload the plugin file.

• Navigate to Jenkins dashboard and click on 'Manage Jenkins'

• Select 'Manage Plugins' and go to 'Available' tab

• Search for the desired plugin, select it, and click 'Install without restart'

• Alternatively, you can manually upload the plugin file under 'Advanced' tab in 'Upload Plugin' section

Decorators are a way to modify or enhance the behavior of a function or class without changing its source code.

• Decorators are defined using the '@' symbol followed by the decorator name.

• They can be used to add functionality to a function or class, such as logging or timing.

• Decorators can also be used to modify the behavior of a function or class, such as adding caching or memoization.

• Multiple decorators can be applied to a single function or class, and they are executed in th...read more

Generators are functions that allow you to declare a function that behaves like an iterator.

• Generators use the yield keyword to return a generator object that can be iterated over.

• They allow for lazy evaluation, meaning that they only generate values as needed.

• Generators are memory efficient as they do not store all values in memory at once.

• They can be used to generate an infinite sequence of values.

• Example: def my_generator(): yield 1; yield 2; yield 3

• Example: for num in my_...read more

Pros and cons of cloud computing

• Pros: scalability, cost-effectiveness, flexibility, automatic updates

• Cons: security concerns, dependency on internet connection, potential downtime

Creating a VPC involves defining IP address ranges, subnets, route tables, and security groups.

• Define IP address ranges for the VPC

• Create subnets within the VPC

• Set up route tables to control traffic within the VPC

• Configure security groups to control inbound and outbound traffic

Data lake is a vast pool of raw data while data warehouse is a structured repository for processed data.

• Data lake stores raw, unstructured data in its native format.

• Data warehouse stores processed, structured data for easy analysis and reporting.

• Data lake allows for storing large amounts of data at a low cost.

• Data warehouse is optimized for querying and analyzing data efficiently.

• Data lake is suitable for big data analytics and machine learning.

• Data warehouse is suitable for ...read more

List is mutable, tuple is immutable in Python.

• List can be modified after creation, tuple cannot.

• List uses square brackets [], tuple uses parentheses ().

• Example: list_example = [1, 2, 3], tuple_example = (4, 5, 6)

Agile is a methodology that focuses on flexibility and adaptability, while Scrum is a specific framework within Agile that emphasizes teamwork and iterative progress.

• Agile is a broader methodology that focuses on flexibility and adaptability in project management.

• Scrum is a specific framework within Agile that emphasizes teamwork, accountability, and iterative progress.

• Agile principles can be applied to various industries and projects, while Scrum is commonly used in software...read more

Analysing coding and approach is crucial for efficient cloud operations.

• Review code for efficiency and scalability

• Identify potential bottlenecks and optimize code

• Ensure adherence to best practices and standards

• Collaborate with developers to improve code quality

• Implement automation and monitoring tools for continuous improvement

I used a variety of tools in my last organization including AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

• Utilized AWS for cloud storage and computing services

• Worked with Azure for virtual machines and networking

• Managed Google Cloud Platform for data analytics and machine learning