Top 250 Pharmacology Interview Questions and Answers 2024

Antibiotics are categorized into different classes based on their mechanism of action and spectrum of activity.

• Antibiotics can be classified into several categories such as penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides.

• Each category of antibiotics has a unique mode of action and targets specific types of bacteria.

• For example, penicillins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, while macrolides interfere with protein synthesis.

• Dif...read more

Five emergency drugs commonly used in medical emergencies.

• Epinephrine: used for severe allergic reactions or cardiac arrest

• Atropine: used for bradycardia or to reverse certain drug effects

• Naloxone: used to reverse opioid overdose

• Adenosine: used for supraventricular tachycardia

• Diazepam: used for seizures or anxiety

Antihypertensive drugs are used to treat high blood pressure and include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and calcium channel blockers.

• ACE inhibitors: Lisinopril, Enalapril

• Beta blockers: Atenolol, Metoprolol

• Diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide

• Calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine, Diltiazem

Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs affect the body, while pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects drugs.

• Pharmacodynamics focuses on the drug's mechanism of action and its effects on the body

• Pharmacokinetics focuses on how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs

• Understanding pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics is important in determining the appropriate dosage and potential side effects of a drug

• Examples of pharmacodynamics includ...read more

Adverse drug reaction is a harmful or unintended response to a medication, while adverse drug event is any untoward medical occurrence related to drug use.

• Adverse drug reaction is a type of adverse drug event

• Adverse drug reactions are usually dose-dependent

• Adverse drug events can include medication errors, allergic reactions, and drug interactions

• Adverse drug events can occur even when a medication is used correctly

• Adverse drug events can range from mild to severe, and can ev...read more

Adverse drug event refers to any untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of a drug, while adverse drug reaction specifically refers to a harmful reaction caused by a drug.

• Adverse drug event is a broader term that encompasses any negative medical occurrence related to drug use.

• Adverse drug reaction is a subset of adverse drug events and refers to a specific harmful reaction caused by a drug.

• Adverse drug reactions are usually predictable and dose-dependent, while ad...read more

Tablet is a solid dosage form of medication. There are several types of dosage forms available.

• Tablet is a compressed solid form of medication.

• It is one of the most commonly used dosage forms.

• Other dosage forms include capsules, injections, syrups, etc.

• Tablets can be coated or uncoated, immediate or extended release.

• Examples of tablets include aspirin, paracetamol, and ibuprofen.

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring and evaluating the safety of drugs and medical devices

• It includes collecting and analyzing data on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems

• Pharmacovigilance helps to identify new safety concerns and prevent harm to patients

• Examples of pharmacovigilanc...read more

Inj. Adrenaline is a medication that acts as a powerful stimulant for the sympathetic nervous system.

• Inj. Adrenaline is commonly used in emergency situations to treat severe allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, and asthma attacks.

• It works by stimulating alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation.

• Adrenaline also constricts blood vessels, reducing swelling and improving blood flow.

• It can be administered intravenously...read more

Adverse event refers to any undesirable medical occurrence, while reaction is a specific response to a drug or medical intervention.

• Adverse event is a broader term that encompasses any negative medical occurrence, whether or not it is related to a drug or medical intervention.

• Reaction specifically refers to a response to a drug or medical intervention.

• Adverse events can include things like falls, infections, or other medical issues that may or may not be related to a drug or ...read more

Drugs used for cholesterol include statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, and PCSK9 inhibitors.

• Statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs for cholesterol management.

• Examples of statins include atorvastatin (Lipitor) and simvastatin (Zocor).

• Fibrates like fenofibrate (Tricor) and gemfibrozil (Lopid) can also be used to lower cholesterol levels.

• Bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine (Questran) and colesevelam (Welchol) help reduce cholesterol absorption.

• PCSK9 inhi...read more

Drug spoiling can be controlled through proper storage, temperature control, and regular inventory management.

• Store drugs in appropriate conditions, such as cool and dry environments.

• Monitor and control temperature to prevent extreme heat or cold that can spoil drugs.

• Implement a first-in, first-out (FIFO) inventory system to ensure older drugs are used first.

• Regularly inspect drugs for signs of spoilage, such as discoloration, odor, or changes in texture.

• Train staff on proper...read more

An antihypertensive drug is a medication used to lower high blood pressure.

• Antihypertensive drugs work by relaxing blood vessels and reducing the force of blood flow.

• Examples of antihypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril), beta blockers (e.g., Atenolol), calcium channel blockers (e.g., Amlodipine), and diuretics (e.g., Hydrochlorothiazide).

Drugs used in the treatment of hypertension include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers.

• Diuretics help remove excess fluid and sodium from the body, reducing blood volume and pressure (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide)

• Beta blockers reduce heart rate and cardiac output, lowering blood pressure (e.g. metoprolol)

• ACE inhibitors block the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that constricts blood vessels (e.g. lisinopril...read more

Diseases and drugs are an essential part of the medical field, with various conditions requiring specific medications for treatment.

• Some common diseases include diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and cancer

• Examples of drugs used to treat these diseases are insulin for diabetes, lisinopril for hypertension, albuterol for asthma, and chemotherapy drugs for cancer

Half-life of a drug refers to the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to decrease by half.

• Half-life is a pharmacokinetic parameter used to determine the duration of action and dosing frequency of a drug.

• It is the time required for the body to eliminate half of the drug from the system.

• Half-life is influenced by factors such as metabolism, excretion, and drug interactions.

• A longer half-life means the drug stays in the body for a longer duration.

• Example:...read more

Sites of injection are specific locations on the body where medications or vaccines can be administered.

• Common sites of injection include the deltoid muscle in the upper arm, the vastus lateralis muscle in the thigh, and the gluteus maximus muscle in the buttocks.

• Other sites may include the subcutaneous tissue (such as the abdomen or upper thigh) for insulin injections or intradermal injections for allergy testing.

• The choice of injection site depends on the medication being a...read more

The fastest route of drug administration is intravenous (IV) injection.

• Intravenous (IV) injection allows for direct delivery of the drug into the bloodstream.

• This route bypasses the absorption process and provides immediate systemic effects.

• Examples of drugs commonly administered via IV include antibiotics, pain medications, and chemotherapy drugs.

Dosage forms are the physical form in which a drug is administered. There are several types of dosage forms.

• Dosage forms are the physical form in which a drug is administered

• They can be solid, liquid, or gas

• Examples include tablets, capsules, injections, inhalers, and patches

• The choice of dosage form depends on the drug's properties and the patient's needs

The anticoagulant in liquid form is heparin.

• Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant in medical laboratories.

• It is used to prevent blood clots and is available in liquid form.

• Heparin is often used in blood tests to prevent clotting of the sample.

• Other anticoagulants like EDTA and citrate are available in liquid form as well.

Anti-hypertensive drugs are used to lower high blood pressure, while diabetes drugs are used to manage blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.

• Anti-hypertensive drugs work by relaxing blood vessels and reducing the workload on the heart.

• There are several classes of anti-hypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.

• Diabetes drugs can be classified into several categories, including insulin, sulfonylureas, biguanides, and ...read more

Adverse effects are harmful and unintended effects of a medication or treatment, while side effects are usually mild and expected effects.

• Adverse effects are serious and can be life-threatening

• Side effects are usually mild and go away on their own

• Adverse effects are unintended and unexpected

• Side effects are expected and listed on the medication label

• Examples of adverse effects include anaphylaxis, liver damage, and seizures

• Examples of side effects include nausea, dizziness, a...read more

A bronchodilator is a medication that relaxes and opens up the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe.

• Bronchodilators are commonly used to treat conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis.

• They work by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, allowing them to widen and improve airflow.

• Examples of bronchodilators include albuterol, salmeterol, and ipratropium bromide.

Analgesic drugs are pain relievers that work by blocking pain signals to the brain.

• Analgesic drugs are used to relieve pain.

• They work by blocking pain signals to the brain.

• Examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen.

NSAID drugs are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that help reduce pain, inflammation, and fever.

• Ibuprofen is a commonly used NSAID drug that is available over-the-counter.

• Naproxen is another NSAID drug that is used to relieve pain and inflammation.

• NSAIDs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for pain and inflammation.

• These drugs are commonly used to treat conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches.

Bioavailability refers to the amount of a substance that enters the bloodstream and is available for use by the body.

• Bioavailability is affected by factors such as the route of administration, the chemical form of the substance, and the presence of other substances in the body.

• For example, a medication taken orally may have lower bioavailability than the same medication administered intravenously.

• Bioavailability is important in determining the effectiveness and dosage of medi...read more

Parenteral refers to the administration of drugs or fluids through routes other than the digestive tract.

• Parenteral administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract.

• Common parenteral routes include intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) injections.

• Other parenteral routes include intradermal (ID), intrathecal, and intra-articular injections.

• Parenteral administration can also be achieved through intravenous infusion or intravenous bolus.

• Parenteral routes ...read more

Therapeutic effect refers to the positive impact of a medical treatment on a patient's health. GDP stands for Good Distribution Practice.

• Therapeutic effect is the desired outcome of a medical treatment

• It can be measured by improvements in symptoms or overall health

• For example, the therapeutic effect of an antibiotic is the elimination of an infection

• GDP is a set of guidelines for ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products during distribution

• It includes require...read more

PP in pharmacy stands for Pharmaceutical Product.

• PP refers to the final product that is manufactured by a pharmaceutical company.

• It includes all the ingredients and excipients that are necessary for the product to be effective.

• PP is subject to strict quality control measures to ensure its safety and efficacy.

• Examples of PP include tablets, capsules, injections, and creams.

A diuretic is a medication that increases urine production and helps remove excess fluid from the body.

• Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and edema.

• They work by increasing the excretion of sodium and water through the kidneys.

• Examples of diuretics include furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and spironolactone (Aldactone).

Schedule H drugs are prescription drugs which are required to be sold by prescription only.

• Schedule H drugs are drugs which have a higher potential for abuse and addiction.

• These drugs are considered to be more dangerous and have stricter regulations for their sale and distribution.

• Examples of Schedule H drugs include opioids like morphine and codeine, as well as certain stimulants and sedatives.

Adverse events are any undesirable experience associated with the use of a drug. Serious adverse events are those that result in death, hospitalization, disability, or birth defects.

• Adverse events can include side effects, but not all side effects are adverse events.

• Side effects are any unintended effect of a drug, whether it is beneficial or not.

• Examples of adverse events include allergic reactions, liver damage, and heart attacks.

• Examples of side effects include drowsiness,...read more

Paracetamol belongs to the drug category of analgesics and antipyretics.

• Paracetamol is classified as a non-opioid analgesic, which means it relieves pain without causing addiction or dependence.

• It is also categorized as an antipyretic, meaning it helps reduce fever.

• Paracetamol is commonly used to alleviate mild to moderate pain and reduce fever in various conditions such as headaches, muscle aches, and colds.

• Examples of paracetamol brand names include Tylenol, Panadol, and Ca...read more

Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs are medications used to lower high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood.

• These drugs help reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the bloodstream.

• They are commonly prescribed to manage conditions like hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia.

• Examples of anti-hyperlipidemic drugs include statins (e.g., atorvastatin, simvastatin), fibrates (e.g., fenofibrate, gemfibrozil), and bile acid sequestrants (e.g., cholestyramine, colesevelam).

Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.

• Calcium channel blockers work by blocking the entry of calcium into the smooth muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, which reduces their contractility and relaxes them.

• Examples of calcium channel blockers include amlodipine, diltiazem, and verapamil.

• They are commonly used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.

• Side effects may include dizziness, headache, and flush...read more

Ibuprofen is a famous painkiller and NSAID.

• Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever.

• It is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms such as tablets, capsules, and liquid.

• Ibuprofen is effective in treating conditions like headaches, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, arthritis, and dental pain.

• Other examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, naproxen, and diclofenac.

NSAID stands for Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug.

• NSAIDs are a class of drugs commonly used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever.

• They work by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body called prostaglandins.

• Examples of NSAIDs include ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen.

• These drugs are widely used for conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches.

Diabetic drugs are medications used to manage diabetes by controlling blood sugar levels.

• Diabetic drugs help regulate blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.

• There are different types of diabetic drugs, including insulin, oral medications, and injectable medications.

• Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use and store glucose properly.

• Oral medications for diabetes include metformin, sulfonylureas, and DPP-4 inhibitors.

• Injectable medications like GLP-1 receptor agoni...read more

Ondom is a drug used to treat nausea and vomiting.

• Ondom is commonly prescribed to patients undergoing chemotherapy to manage chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

• It is also used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting after surgery.

• Ondom works by blocking the action of serotonin, a natural substance in the body that can cause nausea and vomiting.

• The drug is available in various forms such as tablets, oral solution, and injectable.

• Common side effects of Ondom include head...read more

A drug is a substance used to treat, cure, or prevent a disease or medical condition.

• Drugs are prescribed by healthcare professionals to patients.

• They can be in the form of tablets, capsules, injections, or liquids.

• Drugs can have various effects on the body, such as relieving pain, reducing inflammation, or fighting infections.

• Examples of drugs include aspirin, antibiotics, antihistamines, and chemotherapy drugs.

H and H1 drugs are classifications of antihistamines used to treat allergies and allergic reactions.

• H1 drugs target histamine receptors in the body to reduce allergic symptoms

• H2 drugs target histamine receptors in the stomach to reduce acid production

• Examples of H1 drugs include diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and cetirizine (Zyrtec)

The drug that decreases the activity of another drug is called an antagonist.

• An antagonist binds to the same receptor as the other drug, blocking its effects.

• Antagonists can be competitive or non-competitive, depending on their mechanism of action.

• Examples of antagonists include naloxone (antagonist for opioids) and atropine (antagonist for acetylcholine).

Pharmacopial standards are official standards set by regulatory authorities, while non-pharmacopial standards are developed by organizations or manufacturers.

• Pharmacopial standards are legally enforceable, while non-pharmacopial standards are not.

• Pharmacopial standards ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.

• Non-pharmacopial standards may be specific to a particular organization or manufacturer.

• Examples of pharmacopial standards include the United ...read more

Adverse event refers to any undesirable experience during a clinical trial, while adverse effect refers to a harmful or negative outcome of a drug or treatment.

• Adverse event is a broader term that encompasses any negative experience during a clinical trial, whether or not it is related to the drug or treatment being tested.

• Adverse effect specifically refers to a harmful or negative outcome that is caused by the drug or treatment being tested.

• Adverse events can include things ...read more

Some drugs for diabetes include metformin, insulin, and glipizide.

• Metformin is an oral medication that helps lower blood sugar levels.

• Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels and is often used in injectable form.

• Glipizide is an oral medication that stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin.

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Adverse drug reaction is an unwanted or harmful reaction to a medication.

• It can range from mild to severe and can occur immediately or after prolonged use.

• Symptoms may include rash, nausea, dizziness, or difficulty breathing.

• Examples include anaphylaxis from penicillin or liver damage from acetaminophen.

• Adverse drug reactions can be prevented by proper medication management and monitoring.

• Reporting adverse drug reactions to healthcare providers is important for patient safety...read more

An example of an antifungal drug is fluconazole.

• Fluconazole is commonly used to treat fungal infections such as candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis.

• It belongs to the class of drugs known as azole antifungals.

• Other examples of antifungal drugs include amphotericin B, itraconazole, and terbinafine.

Chromatogram is a graphical representation of the components in a mixture. It is used in the analysis and quality control of medicines.

• Chromatogram helps in identifying and quantifying the various components present in a medicine.

• It is used to ensure the purity and potency of medicines.

• Chromatography techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis.

• By comparing the chromatograms of different batches of medicines, any v...read more

Bioequivalence refers to the similarity in the rate and extent of drug absorption between two formulations of the same drug.

• Bioequivalence studies are conducted to ensure generic drugs are as effective as brand-name drugs.

• The FDA requires generic drugs to demonstrate bioequivalence to the original drug.

• Bioequivalence is typically assessed by comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drug formulations.

• If two drugs are bioequivalent, they are expected to have the same...read more

Narcotic drugs are substances that can cause sedation, pain relief, and addiction.

• Narcotic drugs are used for pain management and anesthesia.

• They can cause drowsiness, euphoria, and respiratory depression.

• Examples of narcotic drugs include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and heroin.

Posology is the study of dosage and administration of drugs.

• Posology involves determining the appropriate dosage of a drug based on factors such as age, weight, and medical condition.

• It also includes determining the frequency and duration of drug administration.

• Posology is important in ensuring the safe and effective use of medications.

• For example, a doctor may prescribe a higher dosage of a medication for an adult than for a child.

• Similarly, a medication may need to be taken...read more

Metformin works by decreasing glucose production in the liver and increasing insulin sensitivity in the body.

• Metformin reduces glucose production in the liver

• It increases insulin sensitivity in the body

• It also improves glucose uptake and utilization in the muscles

• Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which regulates energy metabolism

• It also inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, leading to decreased ATP production and increased glucose up...read more

Therapeutic dose is the amount of medication required to produce the desired therapeutic effect, while lethal dose is the amount that can cause death.

• Therapeutic dose is determined based on factors such as patient's age, weight, and medical condition.

• It is important to find the right therapeutic dose to achieve the desired treatment outcome without causing harm.

• Lethal dose refers to the amount of a substance that can be fatal if ingested, injected, or absorbed.

• Lethal dose var...read more

Rivaroxaban has a faster onset of action, fewer drug interactions, and is more convenient for patients than other anticoagulants.

• Rivaroxaban has a shorter half-life than warfarin, allowing for faster onset of action

• It has fewer drug interactions than warfarin, which requires frequent monitoring and dose adjustments

• Rivaroxaban is more convenient for patients as it does not require regular blood tests or dietary restrictions

• Compared to heparin, rivaroxaban has a lower risk of b...read more

Common anti-hypertensives include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.

• ACE inhibitors: Lisinopril, Enalapril

• ARBs (Angiotensin II receptor blockers): Losartan, Valsartan

• Beta blockers: Metoprolol, Atenolol

• Calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine, Diltiazem

• Diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide

Antipyretic drugs are medications used to reduce fever.

• Common antipyretic drugs include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and aspirin.

• These drugs work by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for fever and inflammation.

• Antipyretic drugs are commonly used to alleviate fever symptoms and provide relief.

• It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult a healthcare professional before taking antipyretic drugs.

Indications of antiasmatic medicine include shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.

• Shortness of breath

• Wheezing

• Coughing

• Chest tightness

Schedule X drugs are highly regulated substances with a high potential for abuse and addiction.

• Schedule X drugs are classified as controlled substances by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the United States.

• These drugs have a high potential for abuse and addiction, and their use is strictly regulated.

• They are typically prescribed for medical conditions that require close monitoring and supervision.

• Examples of Schedule X drugs include opioids like oxycodone and hydr...read more

There are several types of pharmacology, including clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.

• Clinical pharmacology focuses on the study of drugs in humans and their effects.

• Pharmacokinetics examines how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.

• Pharmacodynamics explores the interactions between drugs and the body at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels.

• Other types of pharmacology include toxicology, pharmacogenetics, an...read more

An anticoagulant is a medication that prevents blood from clotting.

• Anticoagulants are commonly used to treat and prevent blood clots.

• They work by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood.

• Examples of anticoagulants include heparin, warfarin, and rivaroxaban.

• These medications are prescribed for conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary embolism.

Drugs used in various diseases

• Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections

• Antivirals are used to treat viral infections

• Antifungals are used to treat fungal infections

• Antihypertensives are used to treat high blood pressure

• Anticoagulants are used to prevent blood clotting

• Analgesics are used to relieve pain

• Antidepressants are used to treat depression

• Antidiabetics are used to manage diabetes

• Antiemetics are used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting

• Antihistamines are used ...read more

Regular insulin is the only type of insulin that can be given via the intravenous (IV) route.

• Regular insulin is the only insulin that is soluble and stable enough to be administered intravenously.

• Other types of insulin, such as rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins, are not suitable for IV administration.

• Regular insulin is commonly used in emergency situations or in hospital settings when immediate blood sugar control is required.

• Examples of regular insu...read more

Adverse event is any undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product. Adverse effect is a harmful and unintended reaction to a medical product.

• Adverse event refers to any negative experience that occurs during the use of a medical product, regardless of whether it is related to the product or not.

• Adverse effect refers specifically to a harmful and unintended reaction to a medical product.

• Adverse events can include things like nausea, headache, or dizziness...read more

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

• Vaccines contain weakened or dead pathogens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies

• Types of vaccines include live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, and mRNA vaccines

• Examples of vaccines include the MMR vaccine, polio vaccine, and COVID-19 vaccine

Pharmacological study is used to understand the effects of drugs on living organisms.

• To develop new drugs and improve existing ones

• To determine the safety and efficacy of drugs

• To understand the mechanisms of drug action

• To identify potential drug interactions and side effects

• To optimize drug dosing and administration

• To study drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics

• To investigate drug resistance and develop strategies to overcome it

Emergency drugs are medications used in urgent situations to save lives or stabilize a patient's condition.

• Emergency drugs are typically kept in crash carts or emergency kits for quick access.

• They are used to treat conditions such as cardiac arrest, severe allergic reactions, or respiratory distress.

• Examples of emergency drugs include epinephrine, naloxone, and atropine.

Antiepileptic drugs are medications used to treat and manage epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

• Antiepileptic drugs are also known as anticonvulsant drugs.

• They work by suppressing abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

• These drugs can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.

• Examples of antiepileptic drugs include phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and lamotrigine.

Dose of any drug for children can be calculated based on their weight and age.

• Calculate the child's weight in kilograms

• Determine the appropriate dosage based on the child's age and weight

• Consult drug reference guides or a pharmacist for specific dosing information

• Adjust the dosage based on the child's response to the medication

• Consider any potential side effects or drug interactions

LASA drugs are medications that look alike or sound alike but have different ingredients or indications.

• LASA stands for Look-Alike Sound-Alike.

• These drugs have similar names or packaging, which can lead to medication errors.

• Examples of LASA drugs include:

• 1. Celebrex (celecoxib) and Celexa (citalopram)

• 2. Zantac (ranitidine) and Xanax (alprazolam)

Neurogenerative disorders are conditions that cause progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Drugs used include dopamine agonists, cholinesterase inhibitors, and NMDA receptor antagonists.

• Neurogenerative disorders are characterized by the gradual loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

• Common neurogenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.

• Drugs used to treat these disorders aim to alleviate symptoms and slow do...read more

Diuretics are medications that increase urine output and help remove excess fluid from the body.

• Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and edema.

• They work by increasing the amount of salt and water that is excreted in the urine.

• There are different types of diuretics, including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics.

• Examples of diuretics include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and spironolactone...read more

Antacid is a medication used to neutralize excess stomach acid and provide relief from heartburn and indigestion.

• Antacids are commonly used to treat symptoms of acid reflux, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and peptic ulcers.

• They work by neutralizing stomach acid, reducing the acidity in the stomach and esophagus.

• Common ingredients in antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.

• Antacids can be taken in various forms such as tablets, ...read more

Incompatibility of dosage form refers to the inability of different medications or substances to be combined or administered together.

• Incompatibility can occur due to chemical reactions between the ingredients of different dosage forms.

• Physical incompatibility can also arise when two substances cannot be mixed due to differences in solubility or stability.

• Incompatibility can lead to reduced effectiveness of the medications, formation of precipitates, or even harmful reactions...read more

Paracetamol is both an analgesic and antipyretic medication.

• Paracetamol is commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever.

• It works by blocking the production of prostaglandins in the brain.

• It is often used to treat headaches, toothaches, and menstrual cramps.

• It is also used to reduce fever in conditions such as the flu or common cold.

• Paracetamol is available over-the-counter and in prescription-strength formulations.

The drug commonly used in asthma is Albuterol.

• Albuterol is a bronchodilator that helps to relax muscles in the airways and increase airflow to the lungs.

• Other common drugs used in asthma include Fluticasone, Budesonide, and Montelukast.

• It is important for asthma patients to use their prescribed medications as directed by their healthcare provider.

Pharmacopeia is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines and published by a recognized authority.

• Pharmacopeias provide standards for the quality and purity of drugs and pharmaceutical substances.

• They include information on drug formulations, dosages, and methods of preparation.

• Examples of pharmacopeias include the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the British Pharmacopoeia (BP).

An example of an antidepressant drug is fluoxetine.

• Antidepressant drugs are used to treat depression and other mental health conditions.

• They work by balancing chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters.

• Fluoxetine is a commonly prescribed antidepressant and belongs to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class of drugs.

• Other examples of antidepressant drugs include sertraline, escitalopram, and venlafaxine.

Inj atropine is a medication used to treat various conditions by blocking the effects of acetylcholine in the body.

• Inj atropine is an anticholinergic drug.

• It works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the body.

• Atropine is commonly used to treat bradycardia (slow heart rate), as it increases heart rate.

• It can also be used to dilate the pupils during eye examinations or surgeries.

• Atropine may be administered via injection or as eye drops.

Drug discovery process is the identification and development of new medications to treat diseases.

• Identification of a target molecule or pathway related to a disease

• Screening of compounds for potential drug candidates

• Lead optimization to improve efficacy and reduce side effects

• Preclinical testing for safety and efficacy

• Clinical trials to evaluate effectiveness in humans

Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that help to induce sleep and reduce anxiety.

• Sedatives are drugs that help to calm the patient and reduce anxiety.

• Hypnotics are drugs that help to induce sleep.

• Examples of sedatives include benzodiazepines like Valium and Xanax.

• Examples of hypnotics include zolpidem (Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta).

Dosage of antisclent can be determined based on the severity of the problem and the patient's age, weight, and medical history.

• Dosage is determined by the doctor or pharmacist

• Severity of the problem is taken into consideration

• Patient's age, weight, and medical history are also considered

• Dosage may vary depending on the form of antisclent (tablet, liquid, injection, etc.)

• Dosage may need to be adjusted over time based on the patient's response to treatment

Schedule H drugs are prescription medications that have a high potential for abuse and are strictly regulated.

• Schedule H drugs are classified as prescription-only medications.

• They have a high potential for abuse and addiction.

• These drugs are subject to strict regulations and can only be dispensed by a licensed pharmacist.

• Examples of Schedule H drugs include opioids like oxycodone and hydrocodone, as well as sedatives like diazepam and alprazolam.

Anticancer drugs include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.

• Chemotherapy drugs: cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel

• Targeted therapy drugs: imatinib, trastuzumab, rituximab

• Immunotherapy drugs: pembrolizumab, nivolumab, ipilimumab

• Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics

• It occurs when bacteria evolve to become resistant to antibiotics, making infection...read more

Drug duplication refers to the prescribing or administration of multiple medications with the same active ingredients or therapeutic effects.

• Drug duplication can occur when different healthcare providers prescribe medications without knowledge of the patient's complete medication history.

• It can also happen when a patient receives medications from multiple pharmacies or healthcare facilities.

• Identifying drug duplication involves reviewing the patient's medication list and comp...read more

Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and aniasmatics are used to treat asthma.

• Antihistamines block the effects of histamine in the body, which is released during an allergic reaction.

• Examples of antihistamines include loratadine, cetirizine, and fexofenadine.

• Aniasmatics relax the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe.

• Examples of aniasmatics include albuterol, salmeterol, and formoterol.

Statins are a class of lipid lowering agents used to reduce cholesterol levels in the blood.

• Statins are commonly prescribed for patients with high cholesterol levels

• They work by inhibiting an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis

• Examples of statins include atorvastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin

The action of a drug refers to the specific biochemical interactions between the drug and the body that result in a physiological response.

• Drugs can act by binding to specific receptors on cells, altering enzyme activity, or affecting ion channels.

• Examples include beta blockers binding to beta-adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate, statins inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol levels, and opioids binding to opioid receptors to reduce pain perception.

Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug that is not used to treat seizures.

• Gabapentin is commonly used to treat neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and restless legs syndrome.

• It is also used off-label for conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and bipolar disorder.

Antisugar drugs are medications used to lower blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes.

• Antisugar drugs work by either increasing insulin production, improving insulin sensitivity, or decreasing glucose production in the liver.

• Examples of antisugar drugs include metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Morphine is a powerful pain reliever commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain.

• Morphine is an opioid medication.

• It is often used to manage pain after surgery or for chronic conditions like cancer.

• Morphine works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the perception of pain.

An example of an antibacterial drug is penicillin.

• Penicillin is a widely used antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections.

• It was the first antibiotic discovered and has been used for decades to treat various infections.

• Penicillin works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and preventing them from forming cell walls.

• Other examples of antibacterial drugs include amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin.

The medicine for high blood pressure is prescribed based on the severity and individual needs of the patient.

• Common medications for high blood pressure include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers.

• Examples of diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide.

• Examples of beta blockers include metoprolol and propranolol.

• Examples of ACE inhibitors include lisinopril and enalapril.

• Examples of calcium channel blockers include amlodipine and dil...read more

A narcotic is a drug that induces sleep or dulls the senses, while a non-analgesic substance does not provide pain relief.

• Narcotics are often used as painkillers or sedatives.

• Examples of narcotics include morphine, codeine, and heroin.

• Non-analgesic substances do not have pain-relieving properties.

• Examples of non-analgesic substances include antibiotics, antacids, and vitamins.

PK/PD refers to the relationship between drug concentration and its pharmacological effect. Bioavailability is the fraction of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

• PK/PD stands for pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics

• It describes how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body, and how it produces its therapeutic effect

• Bioavailability is affected by factors such as route of administration, drug formulation, and first-pass metab...read more

The first line drug used in acidity is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most commonly prescribed medications for acidity.

• They work by reducing the production of stomach acid.

• Examples of PPIs include omeprazole, esomeprazole, and pantoprazole.

Tramadol is a Schedule H1 drug used for pain management.

• Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain.

• It is classified as a Schedule H1 drug in India, meaning it requires a prescription for purchase.

• Tramadol works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain to reduce the perception of pain.

• Common brand names for Tramadol include Ultram, ConZip, and Ryzolt.