100+ Structural Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Interview questions for Structural Engineer

• For irregular shape, find volume and multiply by unit weight to get weight. Divide moment of each part by total weight to get COG.

• To calculate force required for COG shift, use moment equation. Sum of moments about any point should be equal to zero.

• For SFD and BMD, use equations of equilibrium and moment. Draw free body diagram to show all forces acting on the portal.

• Understand basic concepts of structural engineering such as moment,...read more

Structural Engineer interview questions on moment transfer, I section web work, beam-column-slab foundation design, dynamic analysis, bending theory, neutral axis, balanced section, etc.

• Moment transfer from beam to column

• Web work in I section

• Designing of beam-column-slab foundation

• Dynamic analysis

• Difference between fundamental time period and natural time period of building

• Base shear

• Moment connection

• PMM ratio curve

• Theory and assumptions of bending

• Neutral axis

• Balanced section

The height of Tremie pipe from pile founding level during concrete should be maintained at a certain level to ensure proper placement of concrete.

• The Tremie pipe should typically be kept at a height of 1-2 meters above the pile founding level to prevent segregation of concrete.

• Maintaining the correct height ensures that the concrete flows smoothly through the pipe and fills the pile without any gaps or voids.

• Adjustments may need to be made based on the specific requirements o...read more

The amount of cement used for making 1m³ of concrete varies depending on the desired strength and type of concrete.

• The cement content typically ranges from 300 to 400 kg/m³ for general-purpose concrete.

• For high-strength concrete, the cement content can be as high as 500 kg/m³ or more.

• The water-cement ratio also affects the amount of cement required.

• Admixtures and additives may be used to modify the properties of the concrete, which can impact the cement content.

• It is importan...read more

Barge and lifting analysis involves determining the support conditions and lifting factors for equipment on a barge.

• Barge and lifting analysis is used to ensure that equipment on a barge is properly supported and can be safely lifted.

• The procedure involves analyzing the support conditions of the barge and the equipment, as well as determining the lifting factors required to safely lift the equipment.

• Various factors must be considered, such as the weight and dimensions of the ...read more

I have experience working with various building codes such as ACI, AISC, and IBC. I have designed structures including residential buildings, commercial buildings, and bridges.

• Familiar with ACI (American Concrete Institute) for designing concrete structures

• Experience with AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) for designing steel structures

• Knowledge of IBC (International Building Code) for overall building design and construction

• Designed residential buildings, commer...read more

Dynamic and static analysis of structures and foundations is essential for ensuring their stability and safety.

• Dynamic analysis involves studying the behavior of structures under dynamic loads such as earthquakes or wind.

• Static analysis focuses on the response of structures to static loads like gravity or applied forces.

• Both analyses help in determining the structural integrity, performance, and design optimization.

• Dynamic analysis techniques include modal analysis, response ...read more

The formula used to calculate the elongation of PSC Girder is based on the modulus of elasticity and the change in length.

• The formula for calculating elongation is: Elongation = (Load x Length) / (Modulus of Elasticity x Area)

• Modulus of Elasticity is a measure of a material's stiffness and is specific to the material used in the PSC Girder

• The change in length is the difference between the original length and the length after applying a load

• Area refers to the cross-sectional a...read more

Connection design of beam to beam involves selecting appropriate fasteners and designing the connection to transfer loads safely.

• Select appropriate fasteners such as bolts, screws, or welds based on the loads and type of connection.

• Design the connection to transfer loads safely and efficiently.

• Consider factors such as shear, bending, and torsion when designing the connection.

• Ensure that the connection is durable and can withstand environmental factors such as corrosion.

• Exampl...read more

The maximum bending moment occurs at the points of maximum deflection in a structural element.

• Bending moment is the internal moment that causes a structural element to bend.

• The maximum bending moment typically occurs at the points of maximum deflection in a beam or girder.

• These points are usually located at the supports or at concentrated loads.

• The bending moment can be calculated using structural analysis methods such as the moment distribution method or finite element analy...read more

The amount of steel used for 1m³ concreting varies depending on the type of concrete and the structural requirements.

• The steel used in concrete is typically in the form of reinforcing bars (rebar) or welded wire mesh.

• The amount of steel required for 1m³ of concrete depends on the structural requirements and the type of concrete being used.

• For example, a standard reinforced concrete slab may require 70-100 kg of steel per cubic meter of concrete.

• However, a heavily reinforced c...read more

Various codes are used in structural engineering to ensure safety and compliance with regulations.

• International Building Code (IBC)

• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standards

• American Concrete Institute (ACI) standards

• American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) standards

• Eurocode

• National Building Code of Canada (NBCC)

The unit weight of a bar can be calculated using the formula: Unit weight = Cross-sectional area × Length × Density

• The formula for unit weight of a bar is: Unit weight = Cross-sectional area × Length × Density

• The density of steel is typically around 7850 kg/m³

• Unit weight is measured in kg/m³

The container wall of an Over Head Water Tank can be designed in STAAD.Pro software.

• Open STAAD.Pro software and create a new project.

• Define the geometry and dimensions of the container wall.

• Assign appropriate material properties to the wall.

• Apply loads and boundary conditions to the wall.

• Analyze the structure to determine the internal forces and stresses.

• Design the wall using the relevant design codes and standards.

• Review the design results and make necessary adjustments if r...read more

ETABS and STAAD.Pro are commonly used software for the design of Over Head Water Tanks.

• ETABS and STAAD.Pro are widely used in the structural engineering industry.

• Both software have advanced features for modeling, analysis, and design of structures.

• ETABS offers a user-friendly interface and is known for its efficient analysis capabilities.

• STAAD.Pro is known for its versatility and ability to handle complex structural systems.

• Both software provide options for designing Over Hea...read more

Strength is the ability to withstand stress without deformation, while stiffness is the ability to resist deformation under stress.

• Strength is a measure of how much force a material can withstand before breaking or deforming.

• Stiffness is a measure of how much a material resists deformation under stress.

• Strength is related to the maximum stress a material can handle, while stiffness is related to the slope of the stress-strain curve.

• For example, steel is strong and stiff, whil...read more

Sunken beam and slab is a type of foundation where beams are cast at a lower level than the floor slab to provide additional strength and stability.

• Sunken beam and slab foundations are commonly used in areas with poor soil conditions to distribute the load more evenly.

• The process involves digging trenches for the beams, placing reinforcement bars, pouring concrete, and then casting the slab on top.

• This type of foundation helps prevent settlement and cracking in the building s...read more

The minimum grade of concrete in an RCC structure should be M20.

• The minimum grade of concrete in an RCC structure is typically M20, which means the concrete mix has a compressive strength of 20 megapascals after 28 days.

• Higher grades of concrete such as M25, M30, M35, etc., can also be used depending on the structural requirements.

• The grade of concrete is specified in the structural design based on factors like the type of structure, load-bearing capacity, and environmental c...read more

Bracing should be added in the weak axis direction to provide stability and prevent buckling.

• Bracing should be added in the weak axis direction to prevent buckling.

• Bracing helps to stabilize the structure and distribute loads more efficiently.

• Examples of bracing in steel structures include diagonal bracing, cross bracing, and portal bracing.

An Influence Line Diagram shows the variation of a response function at a specific point due to a unit load moving along the structure.

• It is a graphical representation of the effect of a unit load on a structure.

• It helps in determining the maximum and minimum values of a response function at a specific point.

• It is used in designing and analyzing structures such as bridges and trusses.

• It is also used in determining the critical locations for placing sensors for structural heal...read more

The interview covered topics such as prime numbers, pattern programs, loops, data structures, and projects.

• Prime numbers are numbers that are only divisible by 1 and themselves.

• A pattern program is a program that prints a specific pattern of characters or numbers.

• Loops are used to repeat a set of instructions until a certain condition is met.

• Data structures are ways of organizing and storing data in a computer program.

• I discussed a project I worked on that involved designing ...read more

Bending moment and shear force diagrams show internal forces in a frame.

• Bending moment diagram shows variation of bending moment along the length of the frame.

• Shear force diagram shows variation of shear force along the length of the frame.

• Both diagrams are essential for analyzing the structural behavior of the frame.

• Example: In a simply supported beam, bending moment is maximum at the supports and zero at the center.

The loads considered in telecom towers design include wind loads, dead loads, ice loads, and equipment loads.

• Wind loads: Towers are designed to withstand the force of wind at different speeds and directions.

• Dead loads: These include the weight of the tower structure itself and any permanent fixtures.

• Ice loads: Towers in cold climates need to be designed to support the weight of ice accumulation.

• Equipment loads: The weight of antennas, cables, and other telecom equipment is co...read more

The process of making PSC girder involves preparing the concrete mix, casting the girder in a formwork, curing, and testing for quality.

• Prepare the concrete mix with a specific ratio of cement, aggregates, and water.

• Pour the mix into a formwork that is designed to the shape and size of the girder.

• Place prestressed steel strands or bars in the formwork before pouring the concrete to provide strength.

• Cure the girder by maintaining proper temperature and moisture conditions for ...read more

Various types of foundations used in construction include shallow foundations, deep foundations, pile foundations, and mat foundations.

• Shallow foundations: Spread footings, mat foundations

• Deep foundations: Pile foundations, drilled shafts

• Pile foundations: Driven piles, helical piles

• Mat foundations: Used for large structures with uniform soil support

I primarily utilize programming languages such as Python, MATLAB, and C++ in my work as a Structural Engineer.

• Python

• MATLAB

• C++

The amount of material used in cubic meters can be calculated by multiplying the length, width, and height of the object.

• Calculate the volume of the object by multiplying the length, width, and height in meters.

• The formula for calculating volume is: Volume = Length x Width x Height

• For example, if a rectangular prism has dimensions of 2m x 3m x 4m, the volume would be 2m x 3m x 4m = 24 cubic meters.

PQC stands for Pavement Quality Concrete. The haunch length for a steel box culvert can be calculated using specific formulas.

• PQC is a type of concrete used for pavement construction.

• To calculate the haunch length for a steel box culvert, you need to consider factors such as the span of the culvert, the height of the haunch, and the design requirements.

• One common formula for calculating the haunch length is based on the span of the culvert and the height of the haunch.

Connection design options include single/double plate/extended, single/double angle with bolted-bolted, bolted-welded/welded-bolted, welded-welded connect.

• Single plate connections are simple and economical

• Double plate connections provide more strength and stiffness

• Extended connections are used when the beam flange is wider than the column flange

• Bolted-bolted connections are easy to install and inspect

• Bolted-welded/welded-bolted connections provide more strength than bolted-bo...read more

As a project head, there are several ways to settle disputes between labor and contractors.

• Open communication and active listening to understand the concerns of both parties

• Mediation or arbitration to facilitate a fair resolution

• Establishing clear project guidelines and expectations from the beginning

• Regular meetings to address any issues or conflicts

• Seeking expert advice or involving a third party if necessary

Equivalent Static method uses a single static load to represent dynamic effects, while Response Spectrum method uses a spectrum of loads based on dynamic characteristics.

• Equivalent Static method simplifies dynamic analysis by using a single static load to represent the effects of all dynamic loads.

• Response Spectrum method considers the dynamic characteristics of the structure and applies a spectrum of loads to determine the maximum response.

• Equivalent Static method is commonl...read more

Types of analysis for topside structure include static analysis, dynamic analysis, fatigue analysis, and finite element analysis.

• Static analysis to determine stresses and deformations under static loads

• Dynamic analysis to assess response to dynamic loads such as wind, waves, and earthquakes

• Fatigue analysis to evaluate the structure's ability to withstand repeated loading over time

• Finite element analysis to model complex geometries and loading conditions

Mpa water cement ratio HFL and scouring depth are important factors in structural engineering.

• Mpa stands for megapascal, a unit of pressure used to measure the strength of concrete.

• Water cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix.

• HFL refers to High Flood Level, which is the maximum level reached by a body of water during a flood.

• Scouring depth is the depth to which sediment is removed by flowing water, often a concern for b...read more

Yes, I have experience using software such as ETABS, SAP2000, and SAFE. I have also worked with SACS.

• I have used ETABS for the design of high-rise buildings

• I have used SAP2000 for the analysis of complex structures

• I have used SAFE for the design of foundation systems

• I have experience working with SACS for offshore structures

The steel cutting length formula for a 90° bend is calculated using the bend allowance and the bend radius.

• The bend allowance is the length of material that is consumed during the bending process.

• The bend radius is the radius of the inside curve of the bend.

• The formula for calculating the steel cutting length for a 90° bend is: Cutting Length = Bend Allowance + (π/2) x Bend Radius

• The value of π is approximately 3.14159.

The slump for pumped concrete in a construction site is typically 80-100mm.

• Slump refers to the measure of consistency or workability of concrete.

• Pumped concrete is used when concrete needs to be transported through pipes or hoses.

• A slump of 80-100mm is considered suitable for pumped concrete as it allows for easy flow and placement.

• If the slump is too low, the concrete may be difficult to pump, while a high slump may lead to segregation or excessive bleeding.

• The specific slum...read more

The minimum % of steel in a RCC column is typically around 1% to 2%.

• The minimum % of steel in a RCC column is usually around 1% to 2% to provide adequate strength and reinforcement.

• The exact percentage may vary depending on the design requirements and load conditions.

• Using too little steel can compromise the structural integrity of the column, while using too much steel can lead to excessive costs.

• For example, a typical RCC column may have a steel reinforcement percentage of ...read more

43 and 53 grade cement differ in their compressive strength and suitability for different types of construction.

• 43 grade cement has a compressive strength of 43 MPa while 53 grade cement has a compressive strength of 53 MPa.

• 53 grade cement is more suitable for construction of high-rise buildings and structures that require high strength concrete.

• 43 grade cement is suitable for construction of low to medium rise buildings and structures that do not require high strength concre...read more

The reinforcement details for a 4,00,000 lac litres overhead water tank involve the design and placement of steel bars to ensure structural integrity.

• Calculate the required steel reinforcement based on the tank's dimensions and load capacity

• Determine the spacing and diameter of the steel bars based on design codes and standards

• Consider the location and arrangement of openings, such as inlet and outlet pipes

• Provide additional reinforcement around openings and corners to preven...read more

Soil reactivity refers to the chemical composition of soil and its ability to expand or contract, which can impact residential foundations.

• Soil reactivity is determined by the presence of certain minerals and the pH level of the soil.

• Highly reactive soils, such as expansive clay, can cause significant movement in foundations.

• Expansive soils absorb water and expand, exerting pressure on the foundation. Conversely, they shrink and contract during dry periods.

• This movement can l...read more

Piles are used in construction to transfer loads from a structure to a stronger layer of soil or rock below the surface.

• Types of piles include driven piles, bored piles, and screw piles.

• Piles are provided to support structures on weak or compressible soil, to resist uplift forces, or to provide lateral support.

• The diameter of a pile is determined based on the load it needs to support and the soil conditions.

• LVUP (Large Volume Ultra Pile), VUP (Volume Ultra Pile), and SVUP (Su...read more

IS 800 is the code used for steel structure design in India.

• IS 800 is the Indian Standard code for general construction in steel.

• It provides guidelines for the design, fabrication, and erection of steel structures.

• The code covers various aspects such as material properties, structural analysis, design criteria, and detailing requirements.

• It is widely used by structural engineers and architects in India for designing steel structures.

• For example, IS 800 is used for designing s...read more

Green building materials are environmentally friendly materials used in construction to reduce the impact on the environment.

• Green building materials are sustainable and have a lower carbon footprint.

• They are often made from recycled or renewable resources.

• Examples include bamboo, reclaimed wood, recycled metal, and low-VOC paints.

Yes, I am comfortable working in remote locations.

• I have experience working on projects in remote areas.

• I am adaptable and can work in challenging environments.

• I am willing to travel and work on-site as required.

• I am familiar with using remote communication tools to stay connected with the team.

• For example, I worked on a project in a remote area of Alaska where we had to fly in and out by helicopter.

Detailing requirements in flat slab involves specifying reinforcement, thickness, and joint spacing.

• Specify the thickness of the slab based on the span and load requirements.

• Determine the reinforcement required based on the load and span of the slab.

• Specify the joint spacing based on the slab thickness and the expected shrinkage and temperature changes.

• Ensure that the detailing complies with the relevant codes and standards.

• Consider the construction process and the ease of pl...read more

Temperature loads in structures can be countered by using expansion joints, proper material selection, insulation, and thermal breaks.

• Use expansion joints to allow for thermal expansion and contraction without causing damage to the structure

• Select materials with low thermal expansion coefficients to minimize the effects of temperature changes

• Incorporate insulation to reduce the transfer of heat and minimize temperature fluctuations within the structure

• Use thermal breaks to cr...read more

M20 concrete is a type of concrete with a compressive strength of 20 megapascals (MPa).

• M20 concrete is commonly used in construction for various applications.

• It is a mix of cement, sand, and aggregate in specific proportions.

• The ratio of cement to sand to aggregate in M20 concrete is 1:1.5:3.

• It is suitable for non-structural components like foundations, pathways, etc.

• M20 concrete has a curing period of 28 days to achieve its full strength.