50+ Scientist Interview Questions and Answers

The minimum temperature of any substance that we could reach and use for practical purposes is absolute zero, which is -273.15 degrees Celsius or 0 Kelvin.

• The minimum temperature is known as absolute zero.

• It is the lowest possible temperature that can be reached.

• At absolute zero, all molecular motion ceases.

• Practical applications include cryogenics and superconductivity.

• Examples of practical uses are in medical imaging, particle accelerators, and space exploration.

The answer to the question is provided below.

• Reverse osmosis treatment can be made cheaper at home by using low-cost membranes and energy-efficient systems.

• Zero discharge in industries can be achieved through the implementation of advanced treatment technologies like membrane filtration and evaporation.

• BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the decomposition of organic matter, while COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) measures...read more

I would like to design electronic components with heat transfer applications.

• I have a strong interest in electronics and how heat can be managed in electronic systems.

• I enjoy working on projects that involve designing and optimizing electronic components for efficient heat dissipation.

• I have experience in conducting thermal analysis and simulations to ensure proper heat transfer in electronic devices.

• I find it fascinating to explore innovative ways to improve heat dissipation...read more

Humidity ratio is measured using two types of instruments: psychrometers and hygrometers.

• Psychrometers measure humidity ratio by comparing the readings of two thermometers: a dry-bulb and a wet-bulb thermometer.

• Hygrometers measure humidity ratio using various principles such as electrical resistance, capacitance, or condensation.

• A 1 ton refrigerator refers to the cooling capacity of the refrigerator, which is equivalent to removing 12,000 British Thermal Units (BTUs) of heat ...read more

There are three laws of thermodynamics. Each law has specific applications. dB Amp is not related to thermodynamics.

• The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

• The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

• The third law of thermodynamics states that as the temperature approaches absolute zero, the ent...read more

The choice between Al and Mg for designing depends on the specific requirements and constraints of the project.

• Aluminum (Al) is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and has good thermal conductivity, making it suitable for applications where weight reduction is important, such as aerospace.

• Magnesium (Mg) is even lighter than aluminum, but it has lower strength and is more prone to corrosion. It is commonly used in automotive components to reduce weight and improve fuel efficienc...read more

QbD Development in API process development refers to Quality by Design approach for optimizing the development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

• QbD Development focuses on understanding the impact of various parameters on the quality of the API.

• It involves systematic identification and control of critical process parameters.

• QbD Development aims to enhance product quality, reduce variability, and improve process efficiency.

• Examples of QbD tools include design of experiments...read more

Compensating bendback in sheetmetal can be achieved through various methods.

• Use a larger bend radius to reduce the amount of bendback

• Implement a pre-bend or over-bend technique to counteract the bendback

• Utilize specialized tooling or fixtures to control the bending process

• Apply heat or annealing to the sheetmetal to reduce its springback tendency

• Consider using different materials or alloys with lower springback characteristics

Battery management is required in Lithium Ion battery solutions to ensure safety, optimize performance, and prolong battery life.

• Lithium Ion batteries are prone to overheating and can catch fire or explode if not properly managed.

• Battery management systems monitor and control various parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge.

• These systems prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and overcurrent situations that can damage the battery or reduce its ca...read more

A rocket is a vehicle that propels itself through the atmosphere or space, while a missile is a weapon that is guided towards a target.

• Rockets are used for space exploration, satellite launches, and transportation, while missiles are used for military purposes.

• Rockets are typically unmanned and used for peaceful purposes, while missiles are often armed and used for warfare.

• Rockets are designed to carry payloads such as satellites or scientific instruments, while missiles are ...read more

I have used various softwares for data analysis including R, Python, Excel, and SPSS.

• R

• Python

• Excel

• SPSS

Different rapid prototyping processes include 3D printing, CNC machining, and injection molding.

• 3D printing: Additive manufacturing technique that creates objects layer by layer using a digital model.

• CNC machining: Computer-controlled subtractive manufacturing process that uses pre-programmed tools to remove material from a solid block.

• Injection molding: Process of injecting molten material into a mold cavity to create a solid object.

I have extensive experience in operating fermentors for various scientific experiments and research projects.

• I have operated fermentors in a laboratory setting for over 5 years.

• I am proficient in setting up and calibrating fermentors for different types of cultures.

• I have monitored and controlled fermentation parameters such as temperature, pH, and agitation.

• I have experience in troubleshooting and resolving issues that may arise during fermentation processes.

• I have successfu...read more

Normal phase and Reverse phase are two types of chromatography techniques used for separation of molecules based on their polarity.

• Normal phase chromatography uses a polar stationary phase and a non-polar mobile phase, while reverse phase chromatography uses a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase.

• Normal phase is used for separation of polar compounds, while reverse phase is used for separation of non-polar compounds.

• Examples of normal phase chromatography inclu...read more

RDC guidelines for validation differ from bz guidelines in key aspects.

• RDC guidelines focus on analytical validation of biomarkers

• Bz guidelines focus on clinical validation of biomarkers

• RDC guidelines emphasize on assay performance characteristics

• Bz guidelines emphasize on clinical utility and patient outcomes

• RDC guidelines require rigorous statistical analysis

• Bz guidelines require validation in multiple independent cohorts

There are several types of counters that can be used to design a divide by 5 counter.

• Ripple counter

• Synchronous counter

• Johnson counter

• Ring counter

The last propulsion system I built was a hybrid rocket engine for a small satellite.

• Developed a hybrid rocket engine using a combination of solid fuel and liquid oxidizer

• Tested the engine for efficiency and performance

• Integrated the propulsion system into a small satellite for orbital maneuvers

Genes are selected based on their potential role in a specific biological process or disease.

• Identify the biological process or disease of interest

• Consult existing literature and databases to identify candidate genes

• Prioritize genes based on their known function and relevance to the process/disease

• Use genetic engineering techniques to knock out the selected genes

• Analyze the resulting phenotype to confirm the gene's role

Technical issues during downstream processing can be solved by identifying the root cause and implementing appropriate solutions.

• Identify the root cause of the issue

• Implement appropriate solutions such as adjusting process parameters or changing equipment

• Perform thorough testing and validation of the solution

• Document the issue and solution for future reference

Wind tunnels are used to study the effects of air on objects. Materials and their properties play a crucial role in wind tunnel experiments.

• Wind tunnels are used to simulate the flow of air around objects, allowing scientists to study aerodynamics.

• Different materials have different properties that can affect the results of wind tunnel experiments.

• Materials with low drag coefficients, such as smooth metals, are often used in wind tunnel testing.

• Understanding the properties of ...read more

Agronomic practices refer to the methods used to cultivate crops and improve their yield and quality.

• Crop rotation

• Tillage practices

• Fertilization

• Irrigation

• Pest and disease management

• Harvesting techniques

Post translational modification refers to the chemical modification of a protein after it has been synthesized.

• Common modifications include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation.

• These modifications can alter the protein's function, stability, and localization.

• Examples of post translational modification include the addition of a phosphate group to a serine or threonine residue, or the addition of a sugar molecule to an asparagine residue.

• Post translational modificati...read more

Cytotoxicity assays, ELISA, Western blot are techniques used in molecular biology and biochemistry.

• Cytotoxicity assays are used to determine the toxicity of a substance on cells.

• ELISA is used to detect and quantify specific proteins or antibodies in a sample.

• Western blot is used to detect specific proteins in a sample using antibodies.

• Other techniques include PCR, gel electrophoresis, and flow cytometry.

• These techniques are commonly used in research and diagnostic laboratorie...read more

Capsules are made of gelatin shells filled with powder or liquid, while tablets are compressed powder or granules.

• Capsules are easier to swallow than tablets.

• Capsules can be opened and mixed with food or drink, while tablets cannot.

• Tablets can be scored for easier splitting, while capsules cannot.

• Capsules are more expensive to manufacture than tablets.

• Examples of capsules include Advil Liqui-Gels and Tylenol Gelcaps, while examples of tablets include aspirin and ibuprofen tab...read more

Regulatory assessment involves evaluating the safety and efficacy of products to ensure compliance with regulations.

• Identify relevant regulations and guidelines

• Collect and analyze data on product safety and efficacy

• Assess risks and benefits of the product

• Develop a regulatory strategy

• Prepare and submit regulatory documents

• Communicate with regulatory agencies

• Monitor and maintain compliance

Product development is the process of creating new products or improving existing ones to meet market demands.

• Identifying market needs and opportunities

• Researching and developing new ideas

• Designing and prototyping

• Testing and refining

• Launching and marketing

• Continuous improvement based on feedback

• Example: Apple developing the iPhone series

NDDS is used in pharmaceutical industry to improve drug delivery and efficacy.

• NDDS stands for Novel Drug Delivery System

• It helps in targeted drug delivery to specific sites in the body

• Examples include liposomes, nanoparticles, and microspheres

• NDDS can improve drug bioavailability and reduce side effects

• It is an important area of research in pharmaceutical industry

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and their interactions with humans, animals, plants, and the environment.

• Microbiology involves the study of various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

• It explores the interactions between microorganisms and their hosts, as well as their impact on the environment.

• Microbiology plays a crucial role in fields such as medicine, agriculture, food production, a...read more

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability. Java is a statically typed, object-oriented language.

• Python is dynamically typed, while Java is statically typed

• Python uses indentation for code blocks, Java uses curly braces

• Python is commonly used for web development and data analysis, Java is often used for enterprise applications

Reaction scheme involves the conversion of functional groups and analysis of NMR values.

• Reaction scheme involves a series of chemical reactions to convert one functional group to another.

• NMR values are used to analyze the chemical environment of different atoms in a molecule.

• Examples of functional group conversions include alcohol to alkene, carboxylic acid to ester, etc.

GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practice, it is crucial for ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.

• GMP is a set of guidelines and regulations that ensure pharmaceutical products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards.

• It covers all aspects of production, from the raw materials used to the facilities and equipment used in manufacturing.

• Adherence to GMP helps to minimize the risks involved in pharmaceutical production, ensur...read more

TLC, or Thin Layer Chromatography, is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of chemicals based on their affinity for a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

• TLC involves spotting a sample onto a thin layer of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or alumina, and then allowing a solvent to move up the plate through capillary action.

• Different compounds in the sample will move at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, allowi...read more

Lab work experience refers to practical hands-on experience gained by working in a laboratory setting.

• Lab work experience involves conducting experiments, analyzing data, and using various lab equipment.

• It can be gained through internships, research assistantships, or working as a lab technician.

• Lab work experience is important for developing technical skills, problem-solving abilities, and attention to detail.

• Examples of lab work experience include working with chemicals, pe...read more

Proteins can be purified using various techniques such as chromatography, precipitation, and electrophoresis.

• Chromatography separates proteins based on their physical and chemical properties.

• Precipitation involves adding a salt or organic solvent to the protein solution to cause the protein to precipitate out.

• Electrophoresis separates proteins based on their size and charge.

• Other techniques include ultrafiltration, dialysis, and centrifugation.

• The choice of purification techn...read more

HR plays a crucial role in managing the organization's workforce, from recruitment to employee development and retention.

• Recruitment and selection of employees

• Training and development programs

• Performance management and appraisal

• Employee relations and conflict resolution

• Compensation and benefits administration

Modes of vibrations of beans refer to the different ways in which beans can oscillate or vibrate.

• Beans can vibrate in different modes depending on their shape, size, and material properties.

• Some common modes of vibrations in beans include bending, twisting, and radial vibrations.

• The mode of vibration affects the frequency, amplitude, and pattern of the bean's oscillation.

• Understanding the modes of vibrations in beans can be important in various fields such as food processing,...read more

Cell line engineering is the process of modifying or manipulating cells to improve their characteristics or functions.

• Cell line engineering involves genetic modifications to enhance desired traits or behaviors in cells

• It can be used in biotechnology for producing proteins, antibodies, or other biomolecules

• CRISPR/Cas9 technology is commonly used for precise editing of cell lines

• Cell line engineering can also be used in cancer research to study tumor growth and drug responses

Natural soil microbes play a crucial role in agriculture by promoting plant growth, nutrient cycling, and disease suppression.

• Soil microbes help break down organic matter into nutrients that plants can absorb.

• Certain microbes form symbiotic relationships with plants, providing them with essential nutrients like nitrogen.

• Microbes can also suppress plant diseases by outcompeting harmful pathogens.

• Using microbial inoculants or compost can enhance soil microbial diversity and act...read more

Yes, genetic toxicology studies will be performed to assess the potential harmful effects of substances on DNA.

• Genetic toxicology studies involve assessing the impact of substances on DNA, including mutations and damage.

• These studies are important for evaluating the safety of chemicals, drugs, and other substances.

• Examples of genetic toxicology tests include the Ames test, micronucleus assay, and comet assay.

Sandoz comes to know through research, clinical trials, collaborations with experts, and feedback from healthcare professionals.

• Research plays a key role in Sandoz's knowledge acquisition.

• Clinical trials help Sandoz gather data on the safety and efficacy of their products.

• Collaborations with experts in the field provide Sandoz with valuable insights and information.

• Feedback from healthcare professionals helps Sandoz understand the real-world impact of their products.

Maintaining data integrity involves ensuring data is accurate, consistent, and secure.

• Regularly backup data to prevent loss

• Implement access controls to limit who can modify data

• Use encryption to protect data during transmission

• Perform regular data validation checks to identify errors

• Train employees on data handling best practices

Disintegration is the process of breaking down or separating into smaller parts or components.

• It can occur naturally or be induced by external factors such as heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

• Examples include the disintegration of rocks into smaller particles due to weathering, or the disintegration of a tablet in the digestive system.

• Disintegration can also refer to the breakdown of social or political systems.

• In physics, disintegration refers to the decay of unstable a...read more

Handling various instruments requires proper training and care to ensure accurate results.

• Properly calibrate instruments before use

• Follow manufacturer's instructions for maintenance and cleaning

• Store instruments in a safe and secure location when not in use

• Regularly check for any signs of damage or wear

• Seek additional training if unsure of proper handling techniques

Extraction methods are used to separate desired components from a mixture or sample.

• Extraction methods involve the use of solvents to dissolve and separate components.

• Common extraction techniques include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction.

• Examples of extraction methods in different fields include DNA extraction in genetics, oil extraction in petroleum industry, and drug extraction in pharmaceutical research.

• Extraction methods ...read more

Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields interact in space.

• 1. Gauss's Law for Electricity: Describes how electric charges create electric fields.

• 2. Gauss's Law for Magnetism: Describes how magnetic fields are created by magnetic charges (which do not exist).

• 3. Faraday's Law of Induction: Describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electric field.

• 4. Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition: Describes how electric currents and changing electric fields cr...read more

Protein purification methods involve separation of proteins from other cellular components.

• Chromatography (affinity, ion exchange, size exclusion)

• Salting out

• Ultrafiltration

• Dialysis

• Precipitation

• Electrophoresis

My current CTC is INR 10,00,000 per annum.

• INR 10,00,000 per annum

• Includes base salary, bonuses, and benefits

• Negotiable based on experience and skills