200+ Project Engineer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

DML statements in SQL are used to manipulate data in a database, including inserting, updating, deleting, and querying data.

• DML stands for Data Manipulation Language.

• Common DML statements include INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT.

• INSERT is used to add new rows of data into a table.

• UPDATE is used to modify existing data in a table.

• DELETE is used to remove rows of data from a table.

• SELECT is used to retrieve data from a table.

UNION is a user-defined data type that allows storing different data types in the same memory location.

• UNION can be used to save memory space by sharing the same memory location for different data types.

• It is defined using the 'union' keyword in C programming language.

• The size of the union is determined by the largest data type it contains.

• Accessing the union members can be done using the dot operator or the arrow operator.

• Example: union myUnion { int i; float f; };

• Example: m...read more

Voltage levels as per standards vary depending on the application and region, with common levels including 110V, 220V, and 415V.

• Voltage levels can vary depending on the application and region

• Common residential voltage levels include 110V and 220V

• Industrial voltage levels are typically higher, such as 415V

• International standards like IEC and ANSI provide guidelines for voltage levels

No active backlog or year gap.

• I have no active backlog or year gap.

• I have been consistently working and improving my skills.

• I have completed all my previous projects on time.

• I have been attending relevant training and workshops to enhance my knowledge.

A Harshad number is a number that is divisible by the sum of its digits.

• Also known as Niven numbers.

• Examples include 18 (1+8=9, 18/9=2), 54 (5+4=9, 54/9=6), and 120 (1+2+0=3, 120/3=40).

• Harshad numbers are used in digital root computations and in creating self-descriptive numbers.

• They are named after D. R. Kaprekar's Indian mathematician friend, Harshad.

• Harshad numbers can be found in various fields such as number theory, cryptography, and computer science.

Program to find second largest element in array

• Iterate through the array and keep track of the largest and second largest elements

• Handle edge cases like empty array or array with only one element

• Consider sorting the array and returning the second last element

Object-oriented programming concepts include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (class)

• Inheritance: Ability of a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class

• Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different data types

• Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features

Types of insulators used in transmission & distribution lines include pin type, suspension type, strain type, shackle type, and post type insulators.

• Pin type insulators: used for low voltage distribution lines

• Suspension type insulators: used for high voltage transmission lines

• Strain type insulators: used to withstand mechanical stress

• Shackle type insulators: used for supporting conductors at angles

• Post type insulators: used for supporting bus bars in substations

Boilers are vessels that heat water or other fluids to generate steam or hot water for heating or power generation.

• Boilers are commonly used in industrial and commercial settings.

• They can be fueled by natural gas, oil, coal, or biomass.

• Boilers require regular maintenance to ensure safety and efficiency.

• Common types of boilers include fire-tube, water-tube, and electric boilers.

• Boilers are an important component of many HVAC systems.

SQL is a programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It has different types of queries.

• SQL stands for Structured Query Language

• It is used to manage and manipulate relational databases

• Types of queries include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, JOIN, etc.

• SELECT is used to retrieve data from a database

• INSERT is used to add new data to a database

• UPDATE is used to modify existing data in a database

• DELETE is used to remove data from a database

• JOIN is used ...read more

Restricted Earth Fault is a type of fault in electrical systems where the fault current is limited to a specific section of the system.

• Occurs when a fault current flows from a phase conductor to the earth through a restricted path

• Usually detected by a relay that monitors the current imbalance between the phase and neutral conductors

• Helps in quickly identifying and isolating the fault to prevent damage to equipment and ensure safety

• Commonly used in power distribution systems t...read more

Implement a scheme using temperature sensors to detect transformer temperature.

• Install temperature sensors at key points on the transformer

• Set up a monitoring system to continuously track temperature readings

• Establish temperature thresholds for alerts and shutdowns

• Implement a cooling system to regulate temperature if needed

WTP stands for Water Treatment Plant and fire alarm system is a safety system that detects and alerts people in case of fire.

• WTP is a facility that treats water to make it safe for consumption or industrial use.

• Fire alarm system includes smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual pull stations.

• When a fire is detected, the system sounds an alarm and alerts the fire department.

• Both WTP and fire alarm system are important for ensuring safety and preventing disasters.

Carbon steel is heavier than stainless steel due to its higher carbon content and density.

• Carbon steel contains a higher percentage of carbon compared to stainless steel, which increases its density and weight.

• Stainless steel contains chromium, which makes it more corrosion-resistant but less dense than carbon steel.

• The addition of other elements in stainless steel, such as nickel and molybdenum, also contribute to its lighter weight compared to carbon steel.

Implementing addition without using the + sign.

• Use bitwise operators like XOR and AND to perform addition.

• Convert the numbers to binary and perform addition bit by bit.

• Use recursion to add the numbers.

• Use a lookup table to perform addition.

• Use the Math library to perform addition using functions like Math.floor and Math.ceil.

Java Collection is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate a group of objects.

• Java Collection is a group of interfaces, classes, and algorithms that allow you to store and manipulate a group of objects.

• It provides various data structures like List, Set, Queue, etc.

• It provides algorithms like searching, sorting, and manipulating collections.

• It is a part of the Java API and is available in the java.util package.

Binary search is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array.

• It works by repeatedly dividing in half the portion of the array that could contain the target value.

• It has a time complexity of O(log n), making it very efficient for large arrays.

• It requires the array to be sorted in ascending or descending order.

• Example: Searching for the number 7 in the array [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10] would return the index 4.

Civil engineers design, build, and maintain infrastructure projects and systems.

• Designing and planning infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and buildings

• Ensuring projects meet safety and environmental regulations

• Managing construction projects and overseeing workers

• Conducting site investigations and surveys

• Analyzing data and preparing reports

• Collaborating with architects, contractors, and other professionals

• Maintaining and repairing existing infrastructure

• Using comp...read more

Concrete in minimum temperature requires proper mix design, curing, and protection from freezing.

• Use a mix design with low water-cement ratio and proper amount of cement and admixtures.

• Ensure proper curing by covering the concrete with blankets or insulating materials.

• Protect the concrete from freezing by using heaters or insulating blankets.

• Monitor the temperature of the concrete and the environment during and after placement.

• Consider using accelerators to speed up the setti...read more

I would rate my C coding skills as 4 out of 5.

• Proficient in writing efficient and clean C code

• Experience in developing complex algorithms and data structures

• Familiar with low-level programming and memory management

• Able to debug and optimize code for performance

• Examples: Implemented a sorting algorithm, optimized memory usage in a large-scale project

Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time.

• Compares each element with the previous elements and inserts it in the correct position

• Best for small arrays or partially sorted arrays

• Time complexity is O(n^2)

• Example: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape'] -> ['apple', 'banana', 'grape', 'orange']

Drain holes are necessary to prevent water accumulation and damage to structures or equipment.

• Drain holes allow water to escape from areas where it can cause damage or corrosion.

• They are commonly used in outdoor furniture, boats, and buildings to prevent water accumulation.

• Drain holes can also be used in machinery to prevent damage from water or other liquids.

• Proper placement and size of drain holes is important to ensure effective drainage and prevent clogging.

There are three types of flow: laminar, turbulent, and transitional.

• Laminar flow is smooth and orderly, with layers of fluid moving parallel to each other.

• Turbulent flow is chaotic and irregular, with fluid mixing and eddies forming.

• Transitional flow is a mix of laminar and turbulent flow, occurring when the flow rate or viscosity changes.

• Examples of laminar flow include blood flow in capillaries and flow in pipelines with low velocity.

• Examples of turbulent flow include ocean...read more

CDU stands for Crude Distillation Unit and RDU stands for Residue Desulphurization Unit.

• CDU is a primary unit in a refinery that separates crude oil into various fractions based on their boiling points.

• RDU is a secondary unit that removes sulfur from the heavy residue produced by the CDU.

• CDU and RDU are important units in the refining process to produce various petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

Structure and class are programming concepts used to define custom data types.

• A structure is a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name.

• A class is a blueprint for creating objects that encapsulate data and behavior.

• Structures are used in C programming while classes are used in object-oriented programming languages like Java and C++.

• Both structures and classes can have methods and properties.

• Structures are value types while classes a...read more

Joins are used in SQL to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

• Joins are used to retrieve data from multiple tables in a single query.

• There are different types of joins such as inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join.

• The join condition is specified using the ON keyword and the related columns between the tables.

• Example: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

Keys are objects used to unlock or access something.

• Keys can be physical objects like a key to a lock or a keycard to access a building.

• Keys can also be digital like a password or encryption key.

• Keys are used to unlock or access something that is otherwise restricted or protected.

• Keys can be unique to an individual or shared among a group of people.

Plan and elevation are two types of architectural drawings used to represent a building or structure.

• A plan is a top-down view of a building or structure, showing the layout of rooms, walls, and other features.

• An elevation is a side view of a building or structure, showing the height and shape of walls, windows, and other features.

• Both plans and elevations are important tools for architects, engineers, and builders to communicate design ideas and construction details.

• Plans an...read more

Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) are types of circuit breakers that provide protection against overcurrents.

• Thermal-magnetic MCCB: Trips when a current overload or short circuit is detected.

• Electronic MCCB: Uses electronic components for more precise and adjustable protection.

• Compact MCCB: Smaller in size for limited space installations.

• Adjustable MCCB: Allows for manual adjustment of trip settings.

• Motor protection MCCB: Specifically designed for motor protection applicat...read more

The greatest common divisor (gcd) of two numbers is the largest positive integer that divides both numbers without leaving a remainder.

• The gcd can be found using the Euclidean algorithm.

• Start by dividing the larger number by the smaller number.

• If the remainder is 0, the smaller number is the gcd.

• If the remainder is not 0, replace the larger number with the smaller number and the smaller number with the remainder.

• Repeat the process until the remainder is 0.

To make a string mutable in programming, use a mutable data structure like StringBuilder in Java or StringBuffer in C++.

• Use StringBuilder in Java to create a mutable string: StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("hello");

• Use StringBuffer in C++ to create a mutable string: StringBuffer sb("world");

Java is platform independent because of its 'write once, run anywhere' principle.

• Java programs are compiled into bytecode which can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying platform.

• This allows Java programs to be executed on different operating systems without any modifications.

• Examples of platform independent Java applications include web applications, mobile apps, and enterprise software.

Shear force and bending moment diagrams are graphical representations of internal forces in a structural element.

• Shear force diagram shows the variation of shear force along the length of the beam.

• Bending moment diagram shows the variation of bending moment along the length of the beam.

• Shear force is the sum of all vertical forces acting on one side of a cut section of the beam.

• Bending moment is the sum of all moments acting on one side of a cut section of the beam.

• Shear forc...read more

Smartness is the ability to think and act quickly, make wise decisions, and adapt to different situations.

• Smartness involves being intellectually sharp and having a good understanding of various subjects.

• It includes the ability to solve problems efficiently and effectively.

• Smartness also encompasses being resourceful and finding innovative solutions.

• Being socially smart involves having good interpersonal skills and being able to navigate social situations.

• Examples of smartnes...read more

Encapsulation is the process of hiding implementation details and exposing only necessary information to the user.

• Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming.

• It helps in achieving data abstraction and information hiding.

• It allows for better control over the data and prevents unauthorized access.

• An example of encapsulation is a class in Java that has private variables and public methods to access them.

Transformer insulation class indicates the temperature at which the insulation can operate safely.

• Transformer insulation class is denoted by a letter (e.g. A, B, F, H) which corresponds to a maximum allowable temperature rise above ambient.

• Higher insulation classes can withstand higher temperatures, providing better protection for the transformer.

• Common insulation classes include A (105°C), B (130°C), F (155°C), and H (180°C).

Yes, I use Linux regularly for development and testing purposes.

• I am comfortable with command line interface and various Linux distributions.

• I have experience in setting up and configuring servers using Linux.

• I have used Linux tools such as Git, Docker, and Jenkins for software development and deployment.

• I have also contributed to open source projects hosted on Linux platforms.

Sales of solar projects can be achieved through effective marketing, networking, and showcasing the benefits of solar energy.

• Develop a strong marketing strategy to reach potential clients

• Attend industry events and conferences to network with potential clients and partners

• Highlight the financial benefits of solar energy, such as cost savings and tax incentives

• Emphasize the environmental benefits of solar energy, such as reducing carbon emissions

• Provide case studies and testimo...read more

Load calculation in a framed structure involves determining the forces acting on the structure to ensure it can safely support the intended loads.

• Identify all the loads acting on the structure, including dead loads (permanent), live loads (temporary), and environmental loads (wind, snow, etc.)

• Calculate the total load on each structural element by summing up all the individual loads it must support

• Consider factors such as material properties, design codes, and safety margins w...read more

Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.

• Compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order

• Repeats the process until the list is sorted

• Not efficient for large lists

• Example: [5, 3, 8, 4, 2] -> [3, 5, 4, 2, 8] -> [3, 4, 2, 5, 8] -> [3, 2, 4, 5, 8] -> [2, 3, 4, 5, 8]

Count the number of words in a string.

• Use the split() method to split the string into an array of words.

• Count the length of the array to get the number of words.

The cable length for PA cables varies depending on the specific application, while the diameter is typically determined by the current carrying capacity and voltage requirements.

• Cable length for PA cables can range from a few meters to several hundred meters, depending on the distance between the PA system and the speakers.

• The diameter of PA cables is usually determined by the current carrying capacity and voltage requirements of the system. Thicker cables are needed for high...read more

DBMS is a software system to manage databases while RDBMS is a type of DBMS that stores data in tables with relations.

• DBMS stands for Database Management System while RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

• DBMS can manage any type of database while RDBMS is specifically designed to manage relational databases.

• DBMS does not enforce any specific data model while RDBMS enforces the relational data model.

• DBMS does not support ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolatio...read more

Pipe MOC refers to the material of construction used for pipes in engineering projects.

• Common pipe MOCs include carbon steel, stainless steel, PVC, copper, and HDPE.

• Selection of pipe MOC depends on factors like fluid being transported, temperature, pressure, and environmental conditions.

• Different MOCs have varying properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, flexibility, and cost.

• Example: Carbon steel pipes are commonly used for high-pressure applications, while PVC pip...read more

Code to read a text file in C++

• Use ifstream to open the file

• Read the file line by line using getline()

• Close the file after reading

Abstract classes are classes that cannot be instantiated and may contain abstract methods. Interfaces are similar but can only contain abstract methods and constants.

• Abstract classes can have both abstract and non-abstract methods.

• Interfaces can only have abstract methods and constants.

• A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only extend one abstract class.

• Example: abstract class Animal { abstract void makeSound(); } interface Mammal { void eat(); }

• Example: class Dog...read more

A line diagram of a central HVAC system shows the flow of air and refrigerant through the system.

• The diagram typically includes the air handler, ductwork, and refrigerant lines.

• It may also show the location of the thermostat and any dampers or valves.

• The diagram can help identify potential issues and guide maintenance and repairs.

• For example, if the diagram shows low airflow in a certain area, it may indicate a clogged duct or dirty filter.

• Similarly, if the diagram shows a re...read more