300+ Graduate Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Tensile strength of Ductile Iron is 420 MPa, indicating its ability to withstand pulling forces without breaking.

• Tensile strength is a measure of a material's ability to resist breaking under tension.

• Ductile Iron has a higher tensile strength compared to other types of iron, making it suitable for applications requiring strength and durability.

• Examples of applications where Ductile Iron's high tensile strength is beneficial include automotive components, pipes, and machinery ...read more

Class is a blueprint for creating objects. Objects are instances of a class.

• A class is a template or blueprint for creating objects

• An object is an instance of a class

• Classes define the properties and methods that objects will have

• Objects can have unique values for their properties while still sharing the same methods as other objects of the same class

I am familiar with Java, Python, and C++.

• Proficient in Java, with experience in developing web applications using Spring framework

• Skilled in Python, with knowledge of data analysis libraries such as Pandas and NumPy

• Familiar with C++, with experience in developing algorithms and data structures

Hydraulic systems use liquid to transmit power while pneumatic systems use gas.

• Hydraulic systems are typically used for heavy-duty applications such as construction equipment and aircraft landing gear.

• Pneumatic systems are often used in lighter applications such as air brakes on trucks and buses.

• Hydraulic systems are generally more powerful and can operate at higher pressures than pneumatic systems.

• Pneumatic systems are typically less expensive and easier to maintain than hyd...read more

Topics studied in advanced welding include metallurgy, welding processes, welding defects, welding codes and standards, and advanced welding techniques.

• Metallurgy in welding

• Different welding processes (e.g. TIG, MIG, stick)

• Common welding defects and how to prevent them

• Understanding welding codes and standards

• Advanced welding techniques (e.g. laser welding, friction stir welding)

Digital Electronics is a branch of electronics that deals with digital signals and systems.

• Deals with digital signals (0s and 1s)

• Involves logic gates, flip-flops, and digital circuits

• Used in computers, calculators, digital watches, etc.

• Binary arithmetic and Boolean algebra are fundamental concepts

Corona loss is the power loss in transmission lines due to ionization of air around the conductors. It occurs at high voltages. Critical disruptive voltage is the voltage at which corona loss starts.

• Corona loss is caused by the ionization of air around high voltage conductors

• It occurs at voltages typically above 220 kV

• Corona loss increases with increasing voltage and frequency

• Critical disruptive voltage is the voltage at which corona discharge starts to occur

• Corona loss can b...read more

Hydraulic fluids can be differentiated based on their viscosity, additives, and base oil.

• Viscosity: determines the fluid's resistance to flow

• Additives: improve the fluid's performance and protect against wear and corrosion

• Base oil: can be mineral, synthetic, or vegetable-based

• Examples: mineral oil, synthetic oil, water-based fluids

Type casting is changing the data type of a variable, while type conversion is converting a value from one data type to another.

• Type casting is done explicitly by the programmer, while type conversion can be done implicitly by the compiler.

• Type casting can lead to loss of data if the new data type cannot hold the original value, while type conversion may involve data loss depending on the conversion.

• Example of type casting: int x = (int) 3.14;

• Example of type conversion: int y...read more

Python has libraries like SQLAlchemy, psycopg2 for database connectivity. Use these libraries to connect Python with databases.

• Use SQLAlchemy library for ORM (Object Relational Mapping) to interact with databases.

• Use psycopg2 library for direct interaction with PostgreSQL database.

• Install the required libraries using pip install .

• Establish connection to the database using appropriate credentials.

• Execute SQL queries using Python code to interact with the database.

Drop deletes the table structure and data, Delete removes specific rows, Truncate removes all rows but keeps the table structure.

• Drop removes the table structure along with all the data in the table.

• Delete removes specific rows based on a condition using the WHERE clause.

• Truncate removes all rows from a table but keeps the table structure intact.

• Example: DROP TABLE table_name; DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition; TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

P, PI, PID are types of controllers used in process control to regulate the output based on the input.

• P stands for Proportional controller, which adjusts the output based on the error signal.

• PI stands for Proportional-Integral controller, which not only adjusts based on error signal but also integrates the error over time.

• PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller, which adjusts based on error signal, integrates error over time, and also considers the rate of ...read more

Collections in Java are used to store and manipulate groups of objects.

• Collections provide a way to store, retrieve, and manipulate groups of objects in Java.

• They offer various data structures like lists, sets, maps, etc. for different purposes.

• Collections framework includes interfaces like List, Set, Map, and classes like ArrayList, HashSet, HashMap.

• Collections provide methods for sorting, searching, and iterating over elements efficiently.

Thread lifecycle in programming refers to the various stages a thread goes through from creation to termination.

• Thread creation: A new thread is created using the 'Thread' class or by implementing the 'Runnable' interface.

• Thread start: The thread transitions from 'new' to 'runnable' state when 'start()' method is called.

• Thread running: The thread is executing its task in the 'running' state.

• Thread waiting: The thread can enter the 'waiting' state due to various reasons like w...read more

Metal placed in Antarctica would react by becoming extremely cold and potentially brittle due to the low temperatures.

• Metal would quickly reach the temperature of its surroundings, which can drop below -60 degrees Celsius in Antarctica.

• The extreme cold can cause the metal to become brittle and more prone to fracturing.

• Certain metals may undergo phase changes or exhibit changes in electrical conductivity at such low temperatures.

• Corrosion may be slowed down due to the lack of ...read more

To remove elements from a list, use the remove() method or list comprehension.

• Use the remove() method to remove a specific element from the list.

• Use list comprehension to remove multiple elements based on a condition.

• Example: myList.remove('element') or myList = [x for x in myList if x != 'element']

Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal in order to transmit information.

• Amplitude Modulation (AM) - varying the amplitude of the carrier signal

• Frequency Modulation (FM) - varying the frequency of the carrier signal

• Phase Modulation (PM) - varying the phase of the carrier signal

• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) - combining amplitude and phase modulation

• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) - varying the amplitude of discrete pulses

• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - va...read more

A boiler is a closed vessel used to generate steam or hot water for heating purposes. 5 tonne represents the capacity of the boiler.

• Boilers are used in various industries such as power generation, heating, and chemical processing.

• They work by heating water or other fluids to produce steam or hot water.

• The capacity of a boiler is measured in tonnes, with 1 tonne equal to 1000 kg.

• A 5 tonne boiler can produce 5000 kg of steam or hot water per hour.

• Boilers require regular mainten...read more

Deflection and bending moment are important factors in analyzing the behavior of simply supported beams.

• Deflection refers to the displacement of a point on a beam from its original position under an applied load.

• Bending moment is the internal moment that causes a beam to bend.

• For a simply supported beam, the deflection and bending moment can be calculated using various methods such as the double integration method, the area-moment method, or the conjugate beam method.

• The defl...read more

In C++, datatypes have specific ranges and sizes. Embedded systems are real-life examples of using datatypes effectively.

• Datatypes in C++ have specific ranges and sizes to store different types of data efficiently.

• For example, 'int' datatype in C++ typically has a range of -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

• Embedded systems use datatypes like 'uint8_t' to efficiently store data in limited memory space.

• Real-life example of an embedded system is a smart thermostat that controls th...read more

Renewable energy power plants are generally cheaper to install than traditional fossil fuel power plants.

• Renewable energy power plants such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric are cheaper to install than traditional fossil fuel power plants.

• The cost of installation for renewable energy power plants has decreased significantly in recent years due to advancements in technology and increased demand.

• Fossil fuel power plants require expensive infrastructure and equipment, such as pi...read more

CT and PT are used in electrical systems for measurement and protection purposes.

• CT (Current Transformer) is used to measure high currents and step them down to a manageable level for measurement and protection devices.

• PT (Potential Transformer) is used to measure high voltages and step them down to a safe level for measurement and protection devices.

• CTs and PTs provide isolation and safety by separating the high voltage/current circuits from the low voltage/current circuits....read more

Digital circuits are electronic circuits that operate using digital signals (0s and 1s) to perform logical operations.

• Digital circuits use logic gates to process binary information.

• They can perform operations such as AND, OR, NOT, and XOR.

• These circuits are the building blocks of computers and other digital devices.

• Examples of digital circuits include flip-flops, registers, and arithmetic logic units.

Types of pumps include centrifugal, reciprocating, and rotary pumps. Valves can be classified as gate, globe, ball, and butterfly valves. Heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, and finned tube exchangers.

• Types of pumps: centrifugal, reciprocating, rotary

• Types of valves: gate, globe, ball, butterfly

• Types of heat exchangers: shell and tube, plate, finned tube

A complete Electrical Engineer is industry ready when they possess a strong theoretical foundation, practical skills, problem-solving abilities, and communication skills.

• Strong theoretical foundation in electrical engineering principles and concepts

• Practical skills in designing, testing, and troubleshooting electrical systems

• Problem-solving abilities to analyze complex problems and find innovative solutions

• Communication skills to effectively collaborate with team members and ...read more

Flexible pavement design involves considering factors like traffic load, soil properties, and climate. Minimum CBR varies based on design parameters. 3A refers to the subgrade soil classification. CTSB design involves determining layer thickness and material properties. Minimum bitumen content in BC grade 2 is specified by relevant standards.

• Flexible pavement design considers traffic load, soil properties, climate, and other factors.

• Minimum CBR for flexible pavement design va...read more

The strength of M20 grade concrete is 20 megapascals (MPa).

• M20 grade concrete has a compressive strength of 20 MPa.

• The strength of concrete is determined by its mix design, which includes the ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate.

• M20 grade concrete is commonly used for residential and commercial construction.

• The strength of concrete can be tested using compression tests.

• Other grades of concrete, such as M25, M30, etc., have different strengths.

Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used in steam power plants to generate electricity.

• Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts heat into work using steam as the working fluid.

• Reheat Rankine cycle involves reheating the steam in between stages to increase efficiency.

• Regenerative Rankine cycle involves extracting steam from the turbine at various stages to preheat the feedwater.

• P-V diagram for Rankine cycle consists of four main processes: isentropic compression...read more

Cooling towers are used to remove heat from a building or industrial process by transferring it to the atmosphere.

• Natural draft cooling towers

• Mechanical draft cooling towers

• Crossflow cooling towers

• Counterflow cooling towers

• Dry cooling towers

• Wet cooling towers

Mean is the average of a set of numbers, mode is the most frequently occurring number, and median is the middle number when the numbers are arranged in order.

• Mean is calculated by adding up all the numbers in a set and dividing by the total number of values.

• Mode is the number that appears most frequently in a set of numbers.

• Median is the middle number in a set of numbers when they are arranged in order.

• For example, in the set {2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9}, the mean is 5.14, the mode ...read more

The function used to change a string to an integer is parseInt() in JavaScript.

• parseInt() function is used to convert a string to an integer in JavaScript.

• It takes in the string as an argument and returns the integer value.

• Example: parseInt('10') will return 10.

Wireless communication refers to the transmission of information without the use of physical connections or wires.

• Wireless communication allows devices to communicate with each other over a distance using electromagnetic waves.

• It enables the transfer of data, voice, and video signals wirelessly.

• Examples of wireless communication technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, satellite communication, and radio frequency identification (RFID).

Symmetrical faults have balanced currents and voltages, while unsymmetrical faults have unbalanced currents and voltages.

• Symmetrical faults have equal currents and voltages on all phases, such as three-phase short circuit faults.

• Unsymmetrical faults have different currents and voltages on different phases, such as single-phase faults or line-to-ground faults.

• Symmetrical faults are easier to analyze and protect against compared to unsymmetrical faults.

• Unsymmetrical faults can ...read more

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more unique addresses in IPv6.

• IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses

• IPv IPv4 supports 4.3 billion unique addresses while IPv6 supports 340 undecillion unique addresses

• IPv4 uses decimal notation for addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.1) while IPv6 uses hexadecimal notation (e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

• IPv6 has built-in security features like IPsec while IPv4 requires additi...read more

Microcontrollers are integrated circuits designed for specific tasks, while microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs. 8051 is a popular microcontroller.

• Microcontrollers are self-contained systems with memory, I/O ports, and timers, designed for specific tasks.

• Microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs that require external components for memory, I/O, and timers.

• 8051 microcontroller is a popular 8-bit microcontroller known for its low power consumption and versatility.

Volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable's value can be changed unexpectedly.

• Volatile keyword is used in multi-threaded programming to ensure that the value of a variable is always read from memory and not from a cache.

• It is also used in embedded systems where hardware can change the value of a variable unexpectedly.

• Without volatile keyword, the compiler may optimize the code by caching the value of a variable, which can lead to unexpected behavior.

• Example: In a m...read more

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language while C++ is a compiled, high-performance language.

• Python is dynamically typed while C++ is statically typed

• Python has automatic memory management while C++ requires manual memory management

• Python is easier to learn and write code in while C++ is more complex and requires more expertise

• Python is better suited for scripting and rapid prototyping while C++ is better for performance-critical applications

• P...read more

Silica sand is commonly used in foundries due to its high melting point and low reactivity.

• Silica sand is the most commonly used type of sand in foundries.

• It has a high melting point, which makes it ideal for use in casting metals.

• It is also low in reactivity, which means it won't react with the metal being cast.

• Other types of sand, such as zircon sand, chromite sand, and olivine sand, may also be used in foundries depending on the specific application.

• The type of sand used w...read more

An internal combustion engine is a type of engine that generates power by burning fuel inside the engine itself.

• Uses controlled explosions to generate power

• Commonly found in cars, motorcycles, and small aircraft

• Consists of cylinders, pistons, and a crankshaft

• Examples include gasoline and diesel engines

Flywheel stores energy while governor regulates speed.

• Flywheel is a mechanical device used to store rotational energy.

• Governor is a device used to regulate the speed of an engine or machine.

• Flywheel is used to maintain the speed of an engine during the power stroke.

• Governor is used to control the speed of an engine by adjusting the fuel supply or ignition timing.

• Flywheel is commonly used in machines like steam engines, turbines, and internal combustion engines.

• Governor is com...read more

My interest lies in the field of renewable energy and sustainable engineering.

• I have always been fascinated by the potential of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.

• I have actively participated in projects related to sustainable engineering during my undergraduate studies.

• I have conducted research on improving the efficiency of solar panels and reducing the environmental impact of energy production.

• I have attended conferences and workshops on renewable energy...read more

Use SQL query with MAX() function to find the maximum salary of an employee from a table.

• Use SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;

• Make sure to replace 'employees' with the actual table name where employee salaries are stored.

Yes, I can explain projects with circuit diagrams to visually represent the components and connections.

• Use standard symbols for components like resistors, capacitors, and transistors.

• Clearly label each component and connection in the circuit diagram.

• Include a legend to explain the symbols used in the diagram.

• Show the flow of current through the circuit.

• Use software like CircuitLab or LTspice to create professional-looking circuit diagrams.

Engineering system is a collection of components that work together to achieve a specific goal.

• Engineering system involves the integration of various components such as hardware, software, and people.

• It is designed to achieve a specific goal or objective.

• Examples of engineering systems include transportation systems, communication systems, and manufacturing systems.

• Engineering systems are often complex and require interdisciplinary collaboration to design and implement.

• They a...read more

A shaft is a rotating machine element used to transmit power. Tolerance is the allowable deviation from a specified dimension.

• Shaft is a mechanical component used to transmit power from one part of a machine to another.

• Tolerance is the permissible limit or limits of variation in a physical dimension.

• Types of tolerance include bilateral tolerance, unilateral tolerance, and limit tolerance.

IS codes commonly used in bridge construction include IS 456, IS 3370, IS 800, IS 875, and IS 1893.

• IS 456: Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

• IS 3370: Code of practice for concrete structures for storage of liquids

• IS 800: Code of practice for general construction in steel

• IS 875: Code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures

• IS 1893: Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

• Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltage levels in electrical circuits.

• They consist of two coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary coils, wrapped around a core made of ferromagnetic material.

• The primary coil is connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary coil is connected to the output load.

• The ratio of the...read more