200+ Graduate Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Drop deletes the table structure and data, Delete removes specific rows, Truncate removes all rows but keeps the table structure.

• Drop removes the table structure along with all the data in the table.

• Delete removes specific rows based on a condition using the WHERE clause.

• Truncate removes all rows from a table but keeps the table structure intact.

• Example: DROP TABLE table_name; DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition; TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

P, PI, PID are types of controllers used in process control to regulate the output based on the input.

• P stands for Proportional controller, which adjusts the output based on the error signal.

• PI stands for Proportional-Integral controller, which not only adjusts based on error signal but also integrates the error over time.

• PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller, which adjusts based on error signal, integrates error over time, and also considers the rate of ...read more

Metal placed in Antarctica would react by becoming extremely cold and potentially brittle due to the low temperatures.

• Metal would quickly reach the temperature of its surroundings, which can drop below -60 degrees Celsius in Antarctica.

• The extreme cold can cause the metal to become brittle and more prone to fracturing.

• Certain metals may undergo phase changes or exhibit changes in electrical conductivity at such low temperatures.

• Corrosion may be slowed down due to the lack of ...read more

To remove elements from a list, use the remove() method or list comprehension.

• Use the remove() method to remove a specific element from the list.

• Use list comprehension to remove multiple elements based on a condition.

• Example: myList.remove('element') or myList = [x for x in myList if x != 'element']

Deflection and bending moment are important factors in analyzing the behavior of simply supported beams.

• Deflection refers to the displacement of a point on a beam from its original position under an applied load.

• Bending moment is the internal moment that causes a beam to bend.

• For a simply supported beam, the deflection and bending moment can be calculated using various methods such as the double integration method, the area-moment method, or the conjugate beam method.

• The defl...read more

In C++, datatypes have specific ranges and sizes. Embedded systems are real-life examples of using datatypes effectively.

• Datatypes in C++ have specific ranges and sizes to store different types of data efficiently.

• For example, 'int' datatype in C++ typically has a range of -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

• Embedded systems use datatypes like 'uint8_t' to efficiently store data in limited memory space.

• Real-life example of an embedded system is a smart thermostat that controls th...read more

Renewable energy power plants are generally cheaper to install than traditional fossil fuel power plants.

• Renewable energy power plants such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric are cheaper to install than traditional fossil fuel power plants.

• The cost of installation for renewable energy power plants has decreased significantly in recent years due to advancements in technology and increased demand.

• Fossil fuel power plants require expensive infrastructure and equipment, such as pi...read more

CT and PT are used in electrical systems for measurement and protection purposes.

• CT (Current Transformer) is used to measure high currents and step them down to a manageable level for measurement and protection devices.

• PT (Potential Transformer) is used to measure high voltages and step them down to a safe level for measurement and protection devices.

• CTs and PTs provide isolation and safety by separating the high voltage/current circuits from the low voltage/current circuits....read more

Digital circuits are electronic circuits that operate using digital signals (0s and 1s) to perform logical operations.

• Digital circuits use logic gates to process binary information.

• They can perform operations such as AND, OR, NOT, and XOR.

• These circuits are the building blocks of computers and other digital devices.

• Examples of digital circuits include flip-flops, registers, and arithmetic logic units.

Types of pumps include centrifugal, reciprocating, and rotary pumps. Valves can be classified as gate, globe, ball, and butterfly valves. Heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, and finned tube exchangers.

• Types of pumps: centrifugal, reciprocating, rotary

• Types of valves: gate, globe, ball, butterfly

• Types of heat exchangers: shell and tube, plate, finned tube

Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used in steam power plants to generate electricity.

• Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts heat into work using steam as the working fluid.

• Reheat Rankine cycle involves reheating the steam in between stages to increase efficiency.

• Regenerative Rankine cycle involves extracting steam from the turbine at various stages to preheat the feedwater.

• P-V diagram for Rankine cycle consists of four main processes: isentropic compression...read more

Flexible pavement design involves considering factors like traffic load, soil properties, and climate. Minimum CBR varies based on design parameters. 3A refers to the subgrade soil classification. CTSB design involves determining layer thickness and material properties. Minimum bitumen content in BC grade 2 is specified by relevant standards.

• Flexible pavement design considers traffic load, soil properties, climate, and other factors.

• Minimum CBR for flexible pavement design va...read more

The strength of M20 grade concrete is 20 megapascals (MPa).

• M20 grade concrete has a compressive strength of 20 MPa.

• The strength of concrete is determined by its mix design, which includes the ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate.

• M20 grade concrete is commonly used for residential and commercial construction.

• The strength of concrete can be tested using compression tests.

• Other grades of concrete, such as M25, M30, etc., have different strengths.

Mean is the average of a set of numbers, mode is the most frequently occurring number, and median is the middle number when the numbers are arranged in order.

• Mean is calculated by adding up all the numbers in a set and dividing by the total number of values.

• Mode is the number that appears most frequently in a set of numbers.

• Median is the middle number in a set of numbers when they are arranged in order.

• For example, in the set {2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9}, the mean is 5.14, the mode ...read more

The function used to change a string to an integer is parseInt() in JavaScript.

• parseInt() function is used to convert a string to an integer in JavaScript.

• It takes in the string as an argument and returns the integer value.

• Example: parseInt('10') will return 10.

Wireless communication refers to the transmission of information without the use of physical connections or wires.

• Wireless communication allows devices to communicate with each other over a distance using electromagnetic waves.

• It enables the transfer of data, voice, and video signals wirelessly.

• Examples of wireless communication technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, satellite communication, and radio frequency identification (RFID).

Microcontrollers are integrated circuits designed for specific tasks, while microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs. 8051 is a popular microcontroller.

• Microcontrollers are self-contained systems with memory, I/O ports, and timers, designed for specific tasks.

• Microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs that require external components for memory, I/O, and timers.

• 8051 microcontroller is a popular 8-bit microcontroller known for its low power consumption and versatility.

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more unique addresses in IPv6.

• IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses

• IPv IPv4 supports 4.3 billion unique addresses while IPv6 supports 340 undecillion unique addresses

• IPv4 uses decimal notation for addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.1) while IPv6 uses hexadecimal notation (e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

• IPv6 has built-in security features like IPsec while IPv4 requires additi...read more

Volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable's value can be changed unexpectedly.

• Volatile keyword is used in multi-threaded programming to ensure that the value of a variable is always read from memory and not from a cache.

• It is also used in embedded systems where hardware can change the value of a variable unexpectedly.

• Without volatile keyword, the compiler may optimize the code by caching the value of a variable, which can lead to unexpected behavior.

• Example: In a m...read more

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language while C++ is a compiled, high-performance language.

• Python is dynamically typed while C++ is statically typed

• Python has automatic memory management while C++ requires manual memory management

• Python is easier to learn and write code in while C++ is more complex and requires more expertise

• Python is better suited for scripting and rapid prototyping while C++ is better for performance-critical applications

• P...read more

Silica sand is commonly used in foundries due to its high melting point and low reactivity.

• Silica sand is the most commonly used type of sand in foundries.

• It has a high melting point, which makes it ideal for use in casting metals.

• It is also low in reactivity, which means it won't react with the metal being cast.

• Other types of sand, such as zircon sand, chromite sand, and olivine sand, may also be used in foundries depending on the specific application.

• The type of sand used w...read more

Use SQL query with MAX() function to find the maximum salary of an employee from a table.

• Use SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;

• Make sure to replace 'employees' with the actual table name where employee salaries are stored.

Flywheel stores energy while governor regulates speed.

• Flywheel is a mechanical device used to store rotational energy.

• Governor is a device used to regulate the speed of an engine or machine.

• Flywheel is used to maintain the speed of an engine during the power stroke.

• Governor is used to control the speed of an engine by adjusting the fuel supply or ignition timing.

• Flywheel is commonly used in machines like steam engines, turbines, and internal combustion engines.

• Governor is com...read more

Yes, I can explain projects with circuit diagrams to visually represent the components and connections.

• Use standard symbols for components like resistors, capacitors, and transistors.

• Clearly label each component and connection in the circuit diagram.

• Include a legend to explain the symbols used in the diagram.

• Show the flow of current through the circuit.

• Use software like CircuitLab or LTspice to create professional-looking circuit diagrams.

My interest lies in the field of renewable energy and sustainable engineering.

• I have always been fascinated by the potential of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.

• I have actively participated in projects related to sustainable engineering during my undergraduate studies.

• I have conducted research on improving the efficiency of solar panels and reducing the environmental impact of energy production.

• I have attended conferences and workshops on renewable energy...read more

Engineering system is a collection of components that work together to achieve a specific goal.

• Engineering system involves the integration of various components such as hardware, software, and people.

• It is designed to achieve a specific goal or objective.

• Examples of engineering systems include transportation systems, communication systems, and manufacturing systems.

• Engineering systems are often complex and require interdisciplinary collaboration to design and implement.

• They a...read more

A shaft is a rotating machine element used to transmit power. Tolerance is the allowable deviation from a specified dimension.

• Shaft is a mechanical component used to transmit power from one part of a machine to another.

• Tolerance is the permissible limit or limits of variation in a physical dimension.

• Types of tolerance include bilateral tolerance, unilateral tolerance, and limit tolerance.

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

• Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltage levels in electrical circuits.

• They consist of two coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary coils, wrapped around a core made of ferromagnetic material.

• The primary coil is connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary coil is connected to the output load.

• The ratio of the...read more

Supply to inverter can be given through a power source such as a battery or solar panel.

• Connect the inverter to a power source such as a battery or solar panel

• Ensure the power source has the appropriate voltage and current rating for the inverter

• Use appropriate cables and connectors to establish the connection

• Regularly monitor the power source to ensure continuous supply to the inverter

IS codes commonly used in bridge construction include IS 456, IS 3370, IS 800, IS 875, and IS 1893.

• IS 456: Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

• IS 3370: Code of practice for concrete structures for storage of liquids

• IS 800: Code of practice for general construction in steel

• IS 875: Code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures

• IS 1893: Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures

Oops is a concept in object-oriented programming that allows for code reusability and flexibility. Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass.

• Oops allows for encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism in programming.

• Polymorphism allows for methods to be overridden in subclasses, providing flexibility in code.

• Example: Oops can be implemented by creating classes for different objects with their own properties and methods. ...read more

Types of foundations include shallow, deep, and special foundations.

• Shallow foundations are used for light structures and include spread footings and mat foundations.

• Deep foundations are used for heavy structures and include pile foundations and drilled shafts.

• Special foundations are used for unique soil conditions and include caissons and cofferdams.

DBMS stands for Database Management System and RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

• DBMS is a software system that manages and organizes data in a database.

• RDBMS is a type of DBMS that stores data in tables with relationships between them.

• RDBMS uses SQL (Structured Query Language) to manipulate and retrieve data.

• Examples of popular RDBMS include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server.

Logic gates are electronic devices that perform logical operations based on input signals.

• Logic gates take input signals and produce an output signal based on a specific logic function.

• They can perform operations such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.

• For example, an AND gate outputs a high signal only when both input signals are high.

• A NOT gate inverts the input signal, producing a high output when the input is low.

• Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circu...read more

OOP is a programming paradigm based on objects and classes, while other languages may use different paradigms like procedural or functional programming.

• OOP focuses on objects and classes for data organization and encapsulation

• Other languages may use procedural or functional programming paradigms

• OOP allows for inheritance and polymorphism, which may not be present in other languages

• Examples of OOP languages include Java, C++, and Python

• Examples of non-OOP languages include C, ...read more

Yield strength is the point at which a material permanently deforms, while tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking.

• Yield strength is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.

• Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking.

• Yield strength is lower than tensile strength.

• Yield strength is used to design structures to avoid plastic deformation, while tensile strength is important for determi...read more

The cutting length of a rectangular stirrup is calculated based on the dimensions of the stirrup and the bending requirements.

• The cutting length is determined by adding the lengths of all sides of the stirrup and multiplying by the number of bends.

• For example, if the stirrup has sides measuring 10 cm, 15 cm, and 10 cm, and it requires 2 bends, the cutting length would be (10 + 15 + 10) * 2 = 70 cm.

• The cutting length is important for accurately fabricating stirrups to ensure p...read more

Alternators produce AC current while generators produce DC current.

• Alternators use a rotating magnetic field to generate alternating current (AC)

• Generators use a stationary magnetic field to generate direct current (DC)

• Alternators are more efficient and commonly used in modern vehicles

• Generators are simpler in construction but less efficient than alternators

Oil circuit breakers use oil as an arc extinguishing medium, while air circuit breakers use compressed air.

• Oil circuit breakers use oil as an arc extinguishing medium, while air circuit breakers use compressed air.

• Oil circuit breakers are typically used for high voltage applications, while air circuit breakers are more common in low to medium voltage applications.

• Oil circuit breakers require regular maintenance to ensure the quality of the oil, while air circuit breakers are ...read more

Common defects in engineering can be caused by factors such as poor design, material issues, manufacturing errors, and environmental conditions.

• Poor design choices or inadequate specifications

• Material defects or inconsistencies

• Manufacturing errors or poor quality control

• Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, or corrosion

• Improper maintenance or usage

Common defects in moulds include air pockets, shrinkage, warping, and sink marks.

• Air pockets: trapped air in the mould causing voids in the final product

• Shrinkage: uneven cooling leading to dimensional changes in the product

• Warping: distortion of the product due to uneven cooling or improper mould design

• Sink marks: depressions on the surface of the product caused by uneven cooling or insufficient packing pressure

Pulse code modulation is a digital representation of analog signals.

• PCM is used to convert analog signals into digital signals.

• It involves sampling the analog signal at regular intervals and quantizing the amplitude of each sample.

• The resulting digital signal can be transmitted or stored more efficiently than the original analog signal.

• PCM is commonly used in audio and video recording and transmission.

• It is also used in telecommunications and data storage.

PHP is a server-side scripting language used for web development.

• PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor

• It is used to create dynamic web pages and web applications

• PHP can interact with databases, handle forms, and manage cookies and sessions

• Popular websites like Facebook, Wikipedia, and WordPress are built using PHP

Enum is used to define a set of named constants in a program.

• Enums provide a way to create a group of related constants that can be used in place of hard-coded values.

• They improve code readability and maintainability.

• Enums can be used in switch statements, loops, and function parameters.

• Example: enum Color {RED, GREEN, BLUE};

• Example: void printColor(Color c) { ... }

Heat is generated in a steam power plant through combustion of fuel to produce high temperature steam.

• Fuel such as coal, natural gas, or oil is burned in a boiler to produce heat

• The heat is used to boil water and produce high pressure steam

• The steam is then directed towards a turbine, where it expands and drives a generator to produce electricity

C value is a parameter used in machine learning algorithms to control the trade-off between model complexity and accuracy.

• C value determines how much importance the model places on minimizing errors.

• A higher C value leads to a more complex model that may overfit the training data.

• A lower C value results in a simpler model that may underfit the data.

• C value is commonly used in Support Vector Machines (SVM) and logistic regression algorithms.

RPA stands for Robotic Process Automation. UI Path is a popular RPA tool.

• RPA is a technology that uses software robots to automate repetitive tasks.

• UI Path is a popular RPA tool that provides a visual designer to create automation workflows.

• RPA can be used in various industries such as finance, healthcare, and manufacturing.

• RPA can help improve efficiency, reduce errors, and save time and money.

• Examples of RPA use cases include invoice processing, data entry, and customer ser...read more