10+ Innovsource Services Interview Questions and Answers

Explanation of stress vs strain curves and over/under reinforced sections.

• Stress vs strain curves show the relationship between the amount of force applied to a material and the resulting deformation.

• Over reinforced sections have too much steel reinforcement, causing the concrete to fail before the steel does.

• Under reinforced sections have too little steel reinforcement, causing the steel to fail before the concrete does.

• The ideal section is balanced, with both the steel and ...read more

Retaining walls are provided to resist lateral pressure of soil. Curing methods ensure strength and durability. Draw bridge connections allow for movement.

• Retaining walls are used to hold back soil and prevent erosion or collapse.

• Curing methods like wet curing, steam curing, and chemical curing help concrete gain strength and durability.

• Draw bridge connections allow for movement of the bridge deck while maintaining structural integrity.

• Retaining walls are commonly used in roa...read more

Velocity of fluid flowing through a pipe can be calculated using the formula Q = A * V, where Q is the flow rate, A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, and V is the velocity of the fluid.

• Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe using the formula A = π * r^2, where r is the radius of the pipe.

• Determine the flow rate (Q) of the fluid, which is typically measured in cubic meters per second (m^3/s) or liters per minute (L/min).

• Finally, calculate the velocity (V) of the...read more

Stirrup size is determined by the diameter of the main reinforcement bar and the spacing between them. Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of stress to strain.

• Stirrups are used to prevent shear failure in reinforced concrete beams.

• The size of stirrups is determined by the diameter of the main reinforcement bar and the spacing between them.

• Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of stress to strain and is a measure of a material's stiffness.

• For steel, the modulus of elasticity is ar...read more

Tensile forces are forces that stretch or pull materials apart.

• Tensile forces act in the opposite direction of compressive forces

• Examples of tensile forces include stretching a rubber band or pulling on a rope

• Tensile strength is a measure of a material's ability to withstand tensile forces

Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system, while enthalpy is a measure of the heat energy in a system.

• Entropy is a thermodynamic property that measures the amount of energy in a system that is not available to do work.

• Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property that measures the total heat content of a system.

• Entropy increases in irreversible processes, while enthalpy remains constant.

• Entropy is denoted by S, while enthalpy is denoted by H.

• Example: Melting ice has a...read more

Fourier's Law describes the flow of heat through a material.

• Fourier's Law states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is directly proportional to the negative gradient of temperature and the area perpendicular to the direction of heat flow.

• The equation for Fourier's Law is q = -k * A * (dT/dx), where q is the heat transfer rate, k is the thermal conductivity of the material, A is the cross-sectional area, and dT/dx is the temperature gradient.

• This law is commonly...read more

Formulas in Fluid Mechanics

• Bernoulli's equation: P + 0.5ρv^2 + ρgh = constant

• Continuity equation: A1v1 = A2v2

• Navier-Stokes equation: ρ(∂v/∂t + v∇v) = -∇P + μ∇^2v + ρg

• Ideal gas law: PV = nRT

• Poiseuille's Law: Q = πr^4(ΔP)/(8ηL)

Bar bending schedule is a document that provides details of reinforcement steel bars required for a beam.

• It includes information about the diameter, length, and shape of the bars.

• It also specifies the spacing between the bars and the number of bars required.

• The bar bending schedule is used by the contractor to cut and bend the bars to the required shape and size.

• It helps in ensuring that the reinforcement is placed correctly and in the right quantity.

• The bar bending schedule ...read more

The Rankine, Otto, and Diesel cycle graphs are commonly used in thermodynamics to analyze different types of heat engines.

• The Rankine cycle is used in steam power plants and consists of four processes: heat addition, isentropic expansion, heat rejection, and isentropic compression.

• The Otto cycle is used in spark-ignition engines and consists of four processes: isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection.

• The D...read more

The Iron-Carbon phase diagram illustrates the phases and microstructures of iron-carbon alloys as a function of temperature and composition.

• Shows the phases of iron and carbon at different temperatures and compositions

• Includes regions for austenite, ferrite, cementite, and pearlite

• Critical points such as eutectic point and eutectoid point are marked

• Used to predict the microstructure of steel based on composition and heat treatment

The vapor absorption cycle graph shows the relationship between pressure, temperature, and enthalpy during the process.

• The graph typically shows pressure on the y-axis and temperature on the x-axis.

• It includes lines representing the various stages of the cycle such as evaporation, absorption, and desorption.

• The enthalpy values at different points in the cycle can also be plotted on the graph.

• Example: The graph will show a steep increase in temperature during the evaporation s...read more

The Refrigeration Cycle graph shows the process of cooling a space by transferring heat from inside to outside.

• The cycle starts with the refrigerant entering the compressor as a low-pressure gas.

• The refrigerant is compressed, raising its temperature and pressure, before entering the condenser where it releases heat to the surroundings.

• After losing heat, the refrigerant becomes a high-pressure liquid and flows into the expansion valve, where it expands and cools down.

• The now c...read more

The fundamental laws of thermodynamics govern the behavior of energy in systems.

• First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.

• Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of an isolated system will always increase over time.

• Third Law of Thermodynamics: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum value.

• Examples: A car engine converting fuel into motion follows the laws of thermodynamics....read more

The stress-strain curve shows the relationship between stress (force applied) and strain (resulting deformation) in a material.

• The curve typically consists of three main regions: elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and fracture.

• In the elastic region, the material deforms elastically and returns to its original shape when the stress is removed.

• The plastic region is where permanent deformation occurs, but the material can still withstand additional stress.

• Fracture occurs ...read more

SFD and BMD are calculated using equations of equilibrium and relationships between load, shear force, and bending moment.

• Calculate reactions at supports using equations of equilibrium

• Determine the shear force at different points along the beam by considering the applied loads and reactions

• Calculate the bending moment at different points by integrating the shear force diagram

• Plot the SFD and BMD based on the calculated values

• Use sign conventions to determine the direction of ...read more