Voya India Interview Questions and Answers

Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and fits the training data too closely, resulting in poor generalization to new data.

• Overfitting happens when a model learns the noise in the training data instead of the underlying pattern.

• It occurs when the model is too complex or has too many parameters relative to the amount of training data.

• Overfitting can be identified by comparing the model's performance on the trai...read more

Handling missing data involves identifying missing values, deciding on a strategy, and implementing it.

• Identify missing data using summary statistics or visualization techniques.

• Decide on a strategy: imputation, deletion, or modeling.

• Imputation: replace missing values with mean, median, mode, or regression predictions.

• Deletion: remove rows or columns with missing values.

• Modeling: treat missingness as a separate categor...read more

The time complexity of KNN algorithm is O(n log n) for training and O(kn) for testing.

• The time complexity for training the KNN algorithm is O(n log n), where n is the number of training samples.

• The time complexity for testing the KNN algorithm is O(kn), where k is the number of nearest neighbors to consider and n is the number of training samples.

• The time complexity can be further optimized using data structures like K...read more

Use dimensionality reduction techniques like PCA or t-SNE to reduce the number of features and plot the scatter plot.

• Apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the data

• Use t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for non-linear dimensionality reduction

• Plot the scatter plot using the reduced feature set

Yes, random forest can be used for text data with important features.

• Random forest can handle both numerical and categorical features, including text data.

• Text data needs to be converted into numerical features using techniques like bag-of-words or TF-IDF.

• Important features can be identified using feature importance scores provided by random forest.

• Examples: Classifying emails as spam or not spam, sentiment analysis of...read more

Identity and Access Management (IAM) ensures the right individuals access the right resources at the right times for the right reasons.

• IAM involves user identity verification and management, ensuring secure access to systems.

• Examples include Single Sign-On (SSO) systems like Okta or Microsoft Azure AD.

• IAM policies define user roles and permissions, controlling access to sensitive data.

• Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) ...read more

Authentication verifies identity; authorization determines access rights.

• Authentication is the process of verifying who a user is.

• Authorization is the process of verifying what a user has access to.

• Example of authentication: Logging in with a username and password.

• Example of authorization: A user with admin rights can access all files, while a regular user cannot.

• Authentication can occur without authorization, but auth...read more

RBAC is a security model that restricts system access based on user roles, enhancing security and simplifying management.

• Role Assignment: Users are assigned roles that define their permissions, such as 'Admin', 'Editor', or 'Viewer'.

• Permission Management: Each role has specific permissions, like 'create', 'read', 'update', or 'delete' for resources.

• Separation of Duties: RBAC helps enforce separation of duties by ensuri...read more

An identity is a set of characteristics that define an individual or entity, distinguishing them from others.

• Identity can refer to personal attributes like name, age, and gender.

• In digital contexts, identity often relates to user accounts and authentication.

• Examples include social media profiles, email addresses, and government IDs.

• In philosophy, identity explores concepts of self and existence.

The Identity Lifecycle encompasses the stages of managing user identities from creation to deletion.

• 1. Identity Creation: The process of registering a new user, e.g., signing up on a website.

• 2. Identity Management: Ongoing management of user attributes and permissions, e.g., updating profile information.

• 3. Identity Authentication: Verifying user identity through methods like passwords or biometrics, e.g., logging in wi...read more

Zero Trust, Birthright Access, and Least Privilege Access are security concepts aimed at minimizing risks in digital environments.

• Zero Trust: Assumes no user or device is trustworthy by default, requiring verification for every access request.

• Example: Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is often used in Zero Trust models to ensure user identity.

• Birthright Access: Refers to the automatic access rights granted to users bas...read more

Rollovers refer to the process of transferring funds from one retirement account to another without incurring tax penalties.

• Rollovers are commonly done when changing jobs or consolidating retirement accounts.

• There are different types of rollovers, such as direct rollovers and indirect rollovers.

• Rollovers must be completed within a certain time frame to avoid tax consequences.

• Example: Rolling over funds from a 401(k) to...read more