50+ Lufthansa Interview Questions and Answers

OSPF and BGP are routing protocols used in computer networks to determine the best path for data to travel.

• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an interior gateway protocol used to route IP packets within a single autonomous system. It uses link-state routing (LSR) and Dijkstra's algorithm to determine the shortest path between two nodes.

• BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is an exterior gateway protocol used to route data between different autonomous systems. It uses path-vector rou...read more

The types of messages in BGP include Open, Update, Keepalive, and Notification messages.

• Open message is used to establish a BGP connection between peers

• Update message is used to advertise routing information

• Keepalive message is sent periodically to maintain the BGP connection

• Notification message is used to report errors or terminate the BGP session

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a routing protocol used to find the best path for data packets in a network.

• OSPF is a link-state routing protocol.

• It uses LSAs (Link State Advertisements) to exchange routing information.

• There are five types of LSAs in OSPF: Router LSA, Network LSA, Summary LSA, ASBR Summary LSA, and External LSA.

• Each LSA type serves a specific purpose in the OSPF network.

• For example, Router LSAs are used to advertise the router's directly connected links.

There are four main attributes in BGP.

• BGP attributes include AS_PATH, NEXT_HOP, ORIGIN, and LOCAL_PREF.

• AS_PATH shows the path the route has taken through autonomous systems.

• NEXT_HOP specifies the next hop IP address for the route.

• ORIGIN indicates how the route was originated (IGP, EGP, or Incomplete).

• LOCAL_PREF is used to influence outbound traffic from a BGP router.

Areas in OSPF include backbone area, standard area, and stub area.

• Backbone area (Area 0) is the central area connecting all other areas.

• Standard area (Area 1-49) is a regular area with full routing information.

• Stub area (Area 51-255) is an area with limited routing information, using default routes.

• Not-so-stubby area (NSSA) is a type of stub area that allows external routes to be imported.

VTP stands for VLAN Trunking Protocol, which is used to manage VLAN configurations across a network.

• VTP version 1: Allows VLAN configuration changes to be made only on the VTP server and then propagated to other switches in the VTP domain.

• VTP version 2: Adds support for token ring VLANs and allows the VTP server to synchronize its VLAN database with other VTP servers.

• VTP version 3: Enhances security by introducing the concept of primary and secondary servers, as well as suppo...read more

I address conflicts during Sprint planning meetings by facilitating open communication, encouraging collaboration, and focusing on finding a mutually agreeable solution.

• Encourage team members to express their concerns and perspectives

• Facilitate open and respectful communication among team members

• Focus on finding a mutually agreeable solution that aligns with the Sprint goals

• Remain neutral and objective while guiding the team towards resolution

• Seek input from the Product Owner...read more

Different types of status codes in API include 1xx informational, 2xx success, 3xx redirection, 4xx client error, and 5xx server error.

• 1xx status codes are informational responses

• 2xx status codes indicate success

• 3xx status codes indicate redirection

• 4xx status codes indicate client errors

• 5xx status codes indicate server errors

Scatter plots are commonly used to measure the relation between 2 variables.

• Scatter plots visually display the relationship between two variables by plotting data points on a graph.

• The pattern of the points can indicate the strength and direction of the relationship.

• Other types of charts like line graphs or bubble charts can also be used to show the relationship between two variables.

Handled challenging scenarios by implementing effective communication and problem-solving skills

• Dealing with a team member conflict by facilitating a mediation session and setting clear expectations for behavior

• Resolving a major project delay by reallocating resources and adjusting timelines to meet deadlines

BGP synchronization rule ensures that a BGP router does not advertise a route to an external peer unless it has a valid route to that destination in its own routing table.

• BGP synchronization rule is a feature in BGP routing protocol.

• It ensures that a BGP router only advertises routes to external peers if it has a valid route to that destination in its own routing table.

• This prevents routing loops and ensures consistency in the network.

• It is typically used in BGP networks with...read more

Sort an array of strings without using an additional array inline

• Use a sorting algorithm like bubble sort, selection sort, or insertion sort to rearrange the elements within the same array

• Compare adjacent elements and swap them if they are in the wrong order

• Repeat the process until the array is sorted

I show key performance indicators, trends, and metrics on the dashboard or reporting tool.

• Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as sales revenue, customer acquisition cost, and customer retention rate

• Trends in sales, marketing, and operational data over time

• Metrics related to productivity, efficiency, and profitability

• Visual representations like charts, graphs, and tables for easy interpretation

Fixed cost is constant, variable cost changes with production. Depreciation is decrease in value of assets over time. Capex is for long-term assets, Opex is for short-term expenses.

• Fixed cost remains constant regardless of production levels, while variable cost changes with production.

• Depreciation is the decrease in value of assets over time due to wear and tear or obsolescence.

• Depreciation is recorded as an expense in the Profit and Loss statement and reduces the value of th...read more

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol used to exchange routing information between different autonomous systems on the internet.

• BGP is used to make routing decisions based on network policies, rules, and attributes.

• It is a path vector protocol that allows routers to share information about the best path for reaching a certain network.

• BGP operates on TCP port 179.

• BGP is commonly used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to establish routing ...read more

Both AWS and GCP have their own strengths and weaknesses, it ultimately depends on the specific needs and preferences of the organization.

• AWS has a larger market share and more services, making it a popular choice for many organizations.

• GCP is known for its strong data analytics and machine learning capabilities, making it a preferred choice for companies focusing on these areas.

• AWS has a more mature ecosystem and a wider range of certifications available for professionals.

• GC...read more

Yes, I have handled a customer independently by resolving their issue with a product delivery.

• I have handled customer inquiries and complaints on my own without needing assistance.

• I successfully resolved a customer's issue with a delayed product delivery by providing regular updates and ensuring timely resolution.

• I have experience in managing customer relationships and ensuring customer satisfaction independently.

Product Owner is responsible for defining and prioritizing the product backlog, ensuring the team understands the product vision, and maximizing the value of the product.

• Defining and prioritizing the product backlog

• Ensuring the team understands the product vision

• Maximizing the value of the product

Data fusion is the process of integrating multiple data sources to produce more accurate, consistent, and useful information.

• Data fusion combines data from different sources to provide a more comprehensive view of a situation.

• It can involve various techniques such as statistical analysis, machine learning, and expert knowledge.

• Examples include combining data from sensors, social media, and weather forecasts to improve disaster response.

• Data fusion is used in fields such as in...read more

Yes, I have worked on SAP during my internship where I was responsible for data entry and report generation.

• Worked on SAP during internship

• Responsible for data entry and report generation

• Familiar with SAP interface and functionalities

BGP is a routing protocol used to exchange routing information between different autonomous systems (AS) on the internet.

• BGP uses TCP as its transport protocol

• BGP routers exchange network reachability information with other BGP routers

• BGP selects the best path for each destination based on a set of attributes

• BGP can be used for both IPv4 and IPv6 routing

• BGP is used by internet service providers (ISPs) to connect their networks to each other

Different types of cloud include public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud.

• Public cloud: Services are delivered over the internet and shared across multiple organizations (e.g. AWS, Microsoft Azure)

• Private cloud: Services are maintained on a private network and dedicated to a single organization (e.g. VMware, OpenStack)

• Hybrid cloud: Combination of public and private clouds, allowing data and applications to be shared between them (e.g. Google Cloud Platfo...read more

To sort an array of strings, use a sorting algorithm like bubble sort or quicksort.

• Use a sorting algorithm like bubble sort, quicksort, or merge sort to rearrange the strings in the array in ascending or descending order.

• For example, in bubble sort, compare adjacent strings and swap them if they are in the wrong order until the array is sorted.

• In quicksort, choose a pivot string, partition the array into two subarrays based on the pivot, and recursively sort the subarrays.

• Mer...read more

One arm lb and dual arm lb are units of measurement used to quantify the amount of force exerted by a person using one arm or both arms.

• One arm lb refers to the amount of force exerted by one arm in pounds

• Dual arm lb refers to the amount of force exerted by both arms combined in pounds

• These measurements are commonly used in physical therapy and strength training programs

OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming and SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

• OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data in the form of fields and code in the form of procedures.

• SQL is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS).

Oracle Hyperion is a business intelligence and financial performance management tool.

• Oracle Hyperion helps in budgeting, forecasting, and financial reporting.

• It provides a centralized platform for financial consolidation and analysis.

• Hyperion includes modules for planning, profitability and cost management, and strategic finance.

• It is widely used in industries such as finance, healthcare, and retail.

• Hyperion is known for its ability to handle large amounts of data and complex...read more

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand how different networking protocols work together.

• The OSI model has 7 layers, each responsible for a specific function in data communication.

• Layers include Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

• Each layer interacts with the layer above and below it, passing data and control information.

• For example, when you send an email, the Application layer of ...read more

The basic pillars of OOPs are Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Abstraction.

• Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

• Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different data types.

• Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features.

Types of joins in SQL include inner join, outer join (left, right, full), cross join, and self join.

• Inner join: returns rows when there is a match in both tables

• Outer join: returns all rows from one table and only matching rows from the other table

• Cross join: returns the Cartesian product of the two tables

• Self join: joins a table to itself

Troubleshooting refers to the process of identifying and resolving problems or issues with a product or service.

• Identifying the root cause of the issue

• Developing a plan to address the problem

• Implementing solutions to resolve the issue

• Testing the solutions to ensure they are effective

• Documenting the troubleshooting process for future reference

MPLS architecture is a network protocol that directs data packets along predetermined paths through a network. BGP is a routing protocol used to exchange routing information between different networks.

• MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a protocol used to speed up and shape traffic flows across high-performance networks.

• MPLS architecture involves routers using labels to make forwarding decisions, improving network performance and efficiency.

• BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) i...read more

Tools used to be shared among team members for collaboration and efficiency.

• Shared online platforms like Google Drive or Dropbox for document sharing

• Collaboration tools like Trello or Asana for project management

• Communication tools like Slack or Microsoft Teams for team discussions

• Version control tools like Git for code sharing and collaboration

SAP CPI is used for integrating SAP systems with other cloud and on-premise applications.

• SAP CPI (Cloud Platform Integration) is a cloud-based integration platform that enables integration between SAP systems and other cloud/on-premise applications.

• It provides pre-built connectors for various applications such as Salesforce, Workday, and SuccessFactors.

• SAP CPI also supports various integration patterns such as point-to-point, publish-subscribe, and request-reply.

• It offers fea...read more

Journal entry for fixed asset adjustment involves recording changes in the value of fixed assets.

• Identify the fixed asset being adjusted

• Determine the reason for the adjustment (e.g. depreciation, impairment)

• Debit or credit the appropriate accounts based on the adjustment

• Include a description of the adjustment in the journal entry

• Ensure the journal entry is accurate and properly documented

Listen actively, empathize, remain calm, apologize, offer solutions, follow up

• Listen actively to the customer's concerns without interrupting

• Empathize with the customer's frustration and show understanding

• Remain calm and composed, even if the customer is being rude

• Apologize for the inconvenience caused, regardless of fault

• Offer solutions to resolve the issue and meet the customer's needs

• Follow up with the customer to ensure their satisfaction and address any further concerns

BigQuery is a fully-managed, serverless data warehouse by Google Cloud for analyzing large datasets using SQL.

• Fully-managed service by Google Cloud

• Serverless data warehouse

• Allows for analyzing large datasets using SQL

• Can handle petabytes of data

• Integrates with other Google Cloud services

Broadband issues can be fixed by troubleshooting the connection, checking equipment, and contacting the service provider.

• Restart the modem and router

• Check cables and connections

• Run a speed test

• Contact the broadband service provider for assistance

A distributed switch is a virtual switch that spans multiple hosts in a virtualized environment, allowing for centralized management and configuration.

• Distributed switches are used in virtualized environments to provide network connectivity to virtual machines across multiple hosts.

• They offer centralized management and configuration, making it easier to maintain network settings and policies.

• Examples of distributed switches include VMware vSphere Distributed Switch (VDS) and ...read more

SAP APIM can be used to integrate SF for various use cases.

• SAP APIM can be used to integrate SF for HR processes such as employee onboarding, offboarding, and performance management.

• It can also be used for finance processes such as invoice processing and payment management.

• SAP APIM can help in integrating SF with other systems such as CRM and supply chain management.

• It can also be used for data synchronization between SF and other systems.

• SAP APIM can provide real-time data a...read more

SAP APIM policies can increase security by enforcing authentication, authorization, and encryption.

• Use OAuth 2.0 or API Key authentication to ensure only authorized users can access APIs

• Implement rate limiting to prevent API abuse and DDoS attacks

• Encrypt sensitive data in transit using SSL/TLS

• Use API Gateway to monitor and log API traffic for suspicious activity

• Implement content validation to prevent injection attacks and data tampering

HTML and CSS are languages used for creating and styling web pages.

• HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language and is used for structuring content on a web page.

• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets and is used for styling the appearance of a web page.

• HTML uses tags to define elements like headings, paragraphs, images, and links.

• CSS is used to control the layout, colors, fonts, and other visual aspects of a web page.

• Both HTML and CSS are essential for creating visually appealin...read more

Customer service is the assistance and support provided to customers before, during, and after a purchase.

• Customer service involves addressing customer inquiries, resolving issues, and providing guidance.

• It focuses on ensuring customer satisfaction and building positive relationships.

• Examples include answering phone calls, responding to emails, and assisting customers in person.

Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm learns from labeled data to make predictions or decisions.

• Supervised learning requires labeled data, where the input and output variables are known.

• The algorithm learns from the labeled data to make predictions or decisions on new, unseen data.

• Examples include classification, regression, and prediction tasks.

• Popular algorithms include decision trees, random forests, and neural networks.

Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.

• Gradient descent starts with random initial parameters and calculates the gradient of the cost function with respect to each parameter.

• It then updates the parameters in the opposite direction of the gradient to minimize the cost function.

• This process is repeated iteratively until the algorithm converges to the optimal parameters.

• Learning rate determines ...read more

Listen actively, empathize, remain calm, apologize, offer solutions, follow up

• Listen actively to understand the customer's issue

• Empathize with the customer's feelings and show understanding

• Remain calm and avoid taking the customer's anger personally

• Apologize for the inconvenience caused, even if it wasn't your fault

• Offer solutions to resolve the issue and make the customer happy

• Follow up with the customer to ensure their satisfaction

Types of join include inner, outer, left, and right join. Self join is when a table is joined with itself.

• Types of join: inner, outer, left, right

• Self join: table is joined with itself

• Example: SELECT e1.name, e2.name FROM employees e1, employees e2 WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id

Journal entry for AP involves debiting accounts payable and crediting the corresponding expense or asset account.

• Debit accounts payable to decrease the amount owed to suppliers

• Credit the corresponding expense or asset account to reflect the payment made

• Ensure the journal entry balances by debiting and crediting the same amount

List is mutable, tuple is immutable in Python.

• List uses square brackets [], tuple uses parentheses ().

• List elements can be changed, tuple elements cannot be changed.

• List is used for homogenous data, tuple is used for heterogenous data.

• List is slower than tuple due to mutability.

• Example: list_example = [1, 2, 3], tuple_example = (4, 5, 6)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is required for better code organization, reusability, and maintainability.

• OOP allows for better code organization by breaking down complex systems into smaller, more manageable objects

• OOP promotes code reusability through the use of classes and inheritance

• OOP makes code easier to maintain and update as changes can be made to individual objects without affecting the entire system

Opex stands for operational expenses, while Capex stands for capital expenses. Opex refers to day-to-day expenses, while Capex refers to investments in assets.

• Opex refers to ongoing operational expenses incurred by a business, such as salaries, rent, utilities, and maintenance costs.

• Capex refers to investments in assets that will provide long-term benefits to a business, such as purchasing equipment, property, or infrastructure.

• Opex is typically recorded as an expense on the ...read more

Use SQL query with ORDER BY and LIMIT to find the 2nd highest salary.

• Use SELECT statement to retrieve the salary column from the table.

• Use ORDER BY clause to sort the salaries in descending order.

• Use LIMIT 1,1 to skip the highest salary and retrieve the 2nd highest salary.

Oops concepts are fundamental principles of object-oriented programming such as inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.

• Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

• Polymorphism: Allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

• Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features.

SOX audit refers to Sarbanes-Oxley Act audit, which is a mandatory audit of internal controls over financial reporting.

• SOX audit is required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to ensure accuracy and reliability of financial statements.

• It focuses on evaluating and testing the effectiveness of internal controls related to financial reporting.

• SOX audit helps in preventing corporate fraud and ensuring transparency in financial operations.

• Examples of SOX audit procedures include te...read more

Expected salary range based on industry standards and experience.

• Research industry standards for Project Manager salaries

• Consider your level of experience and qualifications

• Factor in location and cost of living

• Be prepared to negotiate based on job responsibilities and benefits offered

SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle, a process used by software development teams to design, develop, and test high-quality software.

• SDLC is a systematic process for building software applications.

• It consists of several phases including planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.

• Each phase has its own set of activities and deliverables.

• Examples of SDLC models include Waterfall, Agile, and DevOps.

• SDLC helps ensure that software projects ar...read more

STLC stands for Software Testing Life Cycle, which is a systematic process for testing software applications.

• STLC consists of phases like requirement analysis, test planning, test design, test execution, and test closure.

• Each phase has specific activities and deliverables to ensure the quality of the software.

• For example, in the requirement analysis phase, testers review the requirements to understand the scope of testing.

• Test planning involves creating a test plan outlining ...read more

Work load model defines the type and amount of load that will be applied to a system during performance testing.

• Work load model includes the number of users, transactions, data volume, and frequency of operations.

• It helps in simulating real-world scenarios to test the system's performance under different conditions.

• Examples of work load models include steady state, ramp-up, spike, and stress testing.

The question is asking about making a few changes in the architecture.

• Analyze the current architecture to identify areas for improvement

• Consider the impact of the changes on performance, scalability, and security

• Document the proposed changes and communicate them to stakeholders