60+ Ofbusiness Interview Questions and Answers

The refrigeration cycle used in a chilling plant is typically the vapor compression cycle.

• The vapor compression cycle involves compressing refrigerant vapor to increase its temperature and pressure.

• The high-pressure vapor then condenses into a liquid, releasing heat.

• The liquid refrigerant then passes through an expansion valve, reducing its pressure and temperature.

• The low-pressure liquid then evaporates, absorbing heat and cooling the surrounding area.

• This cycle is commonly ...read more

Air fuel ratio in boiler is the ratio of mass of air to mass of fuel. It is maintained by adjusting the fuel and air flow rates.

• Air fuel ratio is critical for efficient combustion and minimizing emissions.

• The ideal air fuel ratio for a boiler is typically between 1.5 and 2.5.

• To maintain the air fuel ratio, the fuel and air flow rates must be adjusted based on the boiler load and combustion conditions.

• Excess air can lead to energy waste and increased emissions, while insuffici...read more

Yes, chemical treatment is done in cooling tower to prevent scaling, corrosion and biological growth.

• Chemicals like biocides, scale inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors are added to the water in cooling tower.

• Biocides are used to prevent the growth of bacteria, algae and fungi.

• Scale inhibitors are used to prevent the formation of mineral deposits on the tower walls and heat exchangers.

• Corrosion inhibitors are used to prevent the corrosion of metal components in the tower.

• The t...read more

Line clearance check points ensure safety and quality in the production process.

• Verify that all equipment and materials from the previous batch have been removed.

• Ensure that the production area is clean and free from any contamination.

• Confirm that all required documents and records are in place and properly filled out.

• Check that the equipment is properly calibrated and functioning correctly.

• Inspect that the correct raw materials and components are available and properly label...read more

Various equipments are used in pharmaceutical industries for different purposes.

• Mixers and blenders for mixing ingredients

• Filtration systems for purifying liquids

• Centrifuges for separating solids from liquids

• Autoclaves for sterilizing equipment

• Tablet presses for manufacturing tablets

• Capsule filling machines for filling capsules

• Packaging machines for packaging finished products

• HVAC systems for maintaining controlled environments

• Water purification systems for producing purified...read more

Yes, I have experience in boiler passing. It involves a thorough inspection of the boiler to ensure its safe and efficient operation.

• Boiler passing involves a visual inspection of the boiler's exterior and interior components.

• The inspection includes checking for leaks, cracks, corrosion, and other signs of wear and tear.

• The boiler's safety controls, valves, and gauges are also checked to ensure they are functioning properly.

• If any issues are found, repairs or replacements may...read more

A vapour compression cycle is a process used in refrigeration systems to remove heat from a space.

• The cycle consists of four main components: a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator.

• The compressor takes in low-pressure refrigerant gas and compresses it to high pressure.

• The high-pressure gas then flows to the condenser, where it releases heat and condenses into a high-pressure liquid.

• The liquid then flows through the expansion valve, where it undergoes...read more

BUA samples are taken from the calcaneus bone using a specialized ultrasound device.

• BUA stands for Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation

• Samples are taken from the heel bone (calcaneus)

• A specialized ultrasound device is used to measure BUA

• The procedure is non-invasive and painless

Stratified sampling is a sampling technique where the population is divided into homogeneous groups and a sample is taken from each group.

• Stratified sampling is used to ensure that the sample represents the characteristics of the population.

• First, the population is divided into mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups called strata.

• Then, a random sample is taken from each stratum based on its proportion to the population.

• This technique is useful when the population has distin...read more

Gate valves and ball valves are two common types of valves used in industrial applications.

• Gate valves have a sliding gate that controls the flow of fluid through the valve.

• Ball valves have a rotating ball with a hole in the middle that controls the flow of fluid through the valve.

• Gate valves are typically used for on/off control of fluid flow, while ball valves are used for throttling and control applications.

• Gate valves are often larger and heavier than ball valves, and req...read more

Preventive maintenance of a reactor involves regular inspection, cleaning, and replacement of parts to ensure safe and efficient operation.

• Regular inspection of reactor components such as valves, pumps, and pipes

• Cleaning of reactor surfaces to prevent buildup of contaminants

• Replacement of worn or damaged parts to prevent equipment failure

• Testing of safety systems to ensure proper function in case of emergency

• Monitoring of reactor performance to detect any abnormalities or ine...read more

An audit trail is a record of all the events that occur during a process or transaction.

• It provides a chronological sequence of events.

• It helps in identifying errors, fraud, or unauthorized access.

• It ensures accountability and transparency.

• Examples include electronic medical records, financial transactions, and software development.

• It is important for compliance with regulations and standards.

The power of a pump can be calculated using the formula: Power = (Flow rate x Head) / Efficiency

• The power of a pump is determined by the flow rate, head, and efficiency

• Flow rate is the volume of fluid passing through the pump per unit time

• Head is the height difference between the inlet and outlet of the pump

• Efficiency is the ratio of the actual power output to the power input

• The formula to calculate power is: Power = (Flow rate x Head) / Efficiency

• For example, if the flow rat...read more

I have extensive technical knowledge in Quality Management Systems (QMS) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).

• Certified in ISO 9001 and other relevant quality management standards

• Experience in implementing and maintaining QMS in previous roles

• Knowledge of FDA regulations and GMP guidelines

• Skilled in conducting internal audits and ensuring compliance with quality standards

• Continuous improvement mindset to enhance quality processes

I have extensive technical knowledge of the guidelines and processes performed on the shop floor.

• Proficient in understanding and implementing quality control measures

• Familiar with lean manufacturing principles and continuous improvement techniques

• Skilled in using various tools and equipment on the shop floor

• Knowledgeable about safety protocols and regulations in a manufacturing environment

Parameters for method validation include accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, and robustness.

• Accuracy: how close the measured value is to the true value

• Precision: how reproducible the results are

• Specificity: how well the method measures only the analyte of interest

• Linearity: how well the method produces results that are proportional to the analyte concentration

• Range: the concentration range over which the method is accurate and precise

• Robustness: how well the m...read more

Air flow in HVAC ducting can be calculated using the formula Q = AV

• Q = air flow rate in cubic feet per minute (CFM)

• A = cross-sectional area of the duct in square feet

• V = air velocity in feet per minute (FPM)

• Air velocity can be measured using a pitot tube or an anemometer

• Duct sizing and layout can affect air flow and should be considered in calculations

Strong acids and bases are substances that completely dissociate in water to release H+ or OH- ions.

• Strong acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3)

• Strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

RO water is purified through reverse osmosis while DM water is purified through deionization. To increase the pH of DM water, a basic solution can be added.

• RO water is purified through a semi-permeable membrane while DM water is purified through ion exchange resins.

• RO water has a lower conductivity and total dissolved solids compared to DM water.

• To increase the pH of DM water, a basic solution such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide can be added.

• The pH of DM water can...read more

Utility and process equipment capacity and make

• Provide details of all utility and process equipment installed in the facility

• Include information on their capacity and make

• Utility equipment may include HVAC, compressed air, water treatment, etc.

• Process equipment may include reactors, distillation columns, pumps, etc.

Commissioning of a reactor involves a series of tests and procedures to ensure safe and efficient operation.

• Pre-commissioning checks and inspections

• Functional testing of equipment and systems

• Testing of safety systems

• Fuel loading and reactor startup

• Performance testing and optimization

• Final acceptance testing

• Documentation and training

• Regulatory approval

• Examples: Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

Carbon-carbon bonds can be prepared through various methods including coupling reactions and carbonylation reactions. Stereochemistry can be controlled through the choice of reagents and reaction conditions.

• Coupling reactions such as Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and Heck reaction can be used to form carbon-carbon bonds.

• Carbonylation reactions such as the Monsanto process can also be used to form carbon-carbon bonds.

• Stereochemistry can be controlled through the use of chiral reagen...read more

Inventory accounting involves tracking and valuing a company's inventory.

• Inventory is recorded as an asset on the balance sheet

• Cost of goods sold (COGS) is recorded as an expense on the income statement

• When inventory is purchased, it is recorded as a debit to the inventory account and a credit to the accounts payable account

• When inventory is sold, the cost of the inventory is transferred from the inventory account to the COGS account

• Periodic inventory system involves taking a...read more

HVAC capacity and motor size are interdependent.

• The HVAC capacity is determined by the size of the space it needs to cool or heat.

• The motor size is determined by the HVAC capacity and the type of system being used.

• For example, a small window AC unit may have a motor size of 1/6 horsepower, while a large central AC unit may have a motor size of 5 horsepower.

• It is important to ensure that the motor size is appropriate for the HVAC capacity to ensure efficient operation and avoi...read more

Inrush current is the initial surge of current that flows when an electrical device is first turned on.

• Inrush current occurs due to the charging of capacitive loads and magnetization of inductive loads.

• Inrush current can cause voltage drops, tripping of circuit breakers, and damage to electrical components.

• Inrush current can be reduced by using soft-start circuits, pre-charging capacitors, and selecting appropriate fuses.

• Examples of devices that generate inrush current includ...read more

The name of the line between dish and maintenance shall is called the 'center line'.

• The center line is used in technical drawings to indicate the center of an object or component.

• It helps in ensuring symmetry and proper alignment of parts during manufacturing and assembly.

• Examples of where the center line is used include drawings of shafts, cylinders, and symmetrical objects.

Challenges faced while using a compression machine

• Ensuring proper calibration of the machine

• Maintaining consistent pressure and temperature

• Preventing contamination of the sample

• Ensuring proper cleaning and maintenance of the machine

• Dealing with unexpected errors or malfunctions

Cpk is a statistical measure used to determine the capability of a process to produce products within customer specifications.

• Cpk measures the distance between the process mean and the closest specification limit.

• A Cpk value of 1 indicates that the process is capable of producing products within specifications.

• A Cpk value of less than 1 indicates that the process is not capable of producing products within specifications.

• Cpk is calculated using the formula: Cpk = min(USL - me...read more

ALCOA++ is a set of guidelines for data integrity in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

• ALCOA stands for Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, and Accurate

• The two plus signs indicate additional requirements for electronic records

• ALCOA++ is used to ensure data integrity and compliance with regulatory requirements

• Examples of ALCOA++ requirements include audit trails, data backups, and access controls

ALCOA principle is a set of guidelines for data integrity in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

• ALCOA stands for Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, and Accurate.

• It is used to ensure the quality and reliability of data in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

• Attributable means that all data must be linked to the person who generated it.

• Legible means that all data must be clear and easy to read.

• Contemporaneous means that data must be recorded at the time of the activity.

• Origin...read more

Condensers are used to convert high-pressure vapor into liquid form.

• Condensers are used in various industries such as power plants, refrigeration systems, and chemical processing plants.

• They help in increasing the efficiency of the system by reducing the pressure and temperature of the vapor.

• They also help in recovering valuable materials from the vapor, such as water in a power plant.

• Examples of condensers include shell and tube condensers, surface condensers, and air-cooled...read more

To tackle complex situations, break it down into smaller parts, prioritize tasks, seek input from others, and stay calm under pressure.

• Break down the complex situation into smaller, more manageable parts

• Prioritize tasks based on importance and urgency

• Seek input and advice from colleagues or experts in the field

• Stay calm and focused under pressure to make rational decisions

• Create a plan of action and adjust as needed based on new information

• Communicate effectively with team me...read more

In-Licensing involves acquiring rights to use a product, while Out-Licensing involves granting those rights to another party.

• In-Licensing: A company acquires rights to a drug or technology from another company (e.g., a biotech firm licensing a new drug).

• Out-Licensing: A company grants rights to its drug or technology to another company (e.g., a pharmaceutical company licensing a drug to a smaller firm).

• In-Licensing often involves upfront payments and royalties based on sales....read more

Sourcing and procurement are the processes of finding and acquiring goods and services from external sources.

• Sourcing involves identifying potential suppliers and evaluating their capabilities and offerings.

• Procurement involves negotiating contracts, placing orders, and managing supplier relationships.

• Both processes are critical for ensuring a company has the resources it needs to operate efficiently and effectively.

• Examples of sourcing and procurement activities include cond...read more

AQL stands for Acceptable Quality Level and is a statistical sampling method used to determine the quality of a product or batch.

• AQL is used to determine the maximum number of defective items in a batch that is considered acceptable.

• It involves randomly selecting a sample of items from the batch and inspecting them for defects.

• The AQL level is determined based on the level of quality required for the product and the associated risks.

• For example, an AQL of 1.5 means that no mo...read more

GCP principles are guidelines for conducting clinical trials with human subjects.

• Informed consent of participants

• Ethical treatment of participants

• Data integrity and accuracy

• Adherence to protocol

• Safety monitoring

• Record keeping and reporting

• Qualified personnel

• Investigator accountability

• IRB/IEC oversight

• Product accountability

• Quality assurance and control

Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of equipment and minimizing downtime.

• Implementing preventive maintenance schedules

• Training employees on equipment maintenance

• Involving operators in maintenance activities

• Setting up autonomous maintenance teams

• Continuous improvement through Kaizen events

Root cause is the underlying reason for a problem or issue, and there are typically classified into different categories.

• Root cause is the fundamental reason behind a problem or issue.

• It is important to identify the root cause in order to prevent the issue from recurring.

• Root causes are often classified into categories such as human error, equipment failure, or process deficiencies.

• For example, if a power outage occurs, the root cause could be traced back to a faulty transfor...read more

Pharma costing process involves determining the cost of producing and distributing pharmaceutical products.

• Pharma costing process includes calculating the cost of raw materials, labor, equipment, and overhead expenses.

• It also involves determining the cost of research and development, clinical trials, and regulatory compliance.

• Pharma companies use various costing methods such as standard costing, activity-based costing, and marginal costing.

• Costing analysis helps pharma compan...read more

Module 5 of regulatory submissions typically includes nonclinical study reports, clinical study reports, and summaries of product characteristics.

• Module 5 is part of the Common Technical Document (CTD) format for regulatory submissions.

• It includes nonclinical study reports, clinical study reports, summaries of product characteristics, and overall summaries of the quality, safety, and efficacy of the drug.

• Module 5 is crucial for demonstrating the benefits and risks of the drug...read more

A reactor can be installed by following a few steps.

• Choose a suitable location for the reactor

• Prepare the foundation for the reactor

• Install the reactor vessel and associated equipment

• Connect the piping and electrical systems

• Test the reactor for proper functioning

The valency of carbon is 4.

• Carbon typically forms 4 covalent bonds due to having 4 valence electrons.

• This allows carbon to form a wide variety of compounds, including organic molecules.

• Examples of carbon compounds include methane (CH4) and ethylene (C2H4).

PH stands for potential of hydrogen, a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.

• PH stands for potential of hydrogen

• It is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution

• PH scale ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)

• Neutral PH is 7

HPLC principle stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography, a technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture.

• HPLC involves the use of a liquid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase to separate compounds based on their interactions with the stationary phase.

• It is commonly used in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food industries for quality control purposes.

• The principle behind HPLC is based on the differential affinities of compounds for...read more

Validation is the process of ensuring that a product or service meets the specified requirements and standards.

• Validation is done to confirm that the product or service meets the intended use and customer needs.

• It involves testing and verifying the product or service against the requirements and specifications.

• Validation is important in industries such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and software development.

• Examples of validation include user acceptance testing, equipme...read more

To reduce costs for a product and increase sales, focus on improving efficiency, streamlining processes, negotiating better deals with suppliers, and implementing effective marketing strategies.

• Identify areas where costs can be reduced without compromising quality

• Streamline production processes to improve efficiency

• Negotiate better deals with suppliers to lower costs of raw materials

• Implement effective marketing strategies to increase product sales

• Analyze customer feedback an...read more

As a chemical engineer, I have a strong understanding of chemical processes and how to optimize them for efficiency and safety.

• Knowledge of chemical reactions and processes

• Experience with designing and optimizing chemical processes

• Understanding of safety protocols and regulations in chemical engineering

• Ability to troubleshoot and problem solve in chemical processes

HPLC analysis involves the use of high-performance liquid chromatography instruments to separate, identify, and quantify components in a sample.

• HPLC stands for high-performance liquid chromatography.

• It is a widely used analytical technique in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, environmental analysis, and more.

• HPLC instruments use a liquid mobile phase and a stationary phase to separate and analyze the components of a sample.

• Different types of HP...read more

Batch charging process safety precautions are essential to prevent accidents and ensure product quality.

• Ensure proper training for personnel handling batch charging process

• Implement strict adherence to safety protocols and procedures

• Regularly inspect equipment for any signs of wear or damage

• Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times

• Have emergency response plan in place in case of accidents or spills

ICH guidelines part 11 are regulations for electronic records and signatures in pharmaceutical industry.

• ICH guidelines part 11 provide criteria for electronic records and signatures to be considered trustworthy, reliable, and equivalent to paper records.

• It covers areas such as validation, security, audit trails, and electronic signatures.

• Compliance with ICH guidelines part 11 is mandatory for pharmaceutical companies to ensure data integrity and patient safety.

Yes, I would like to work in a GBS environment as it offers opportunities for process improvement and collaboration.

• GBS environment allows for standardization of processes and best practices

• Opportunity to work with cross-functional teams and gain exposure to various business functions

• Access to advanced technology and tools for efficient operations

• Examples: collaborating with different departments to streamline financial processes, implementing automation tools for faster repo...read more

FD stands for Factorial Design, a research method used to study the effects of multiple variables on an outcome.

• FD involves manipulating multiple factors simultaneously to observe their combined effects on the outcome.

• It allows researchers to study interactions between factors and their impact on the outcome.

• For example, in a study on the effectiveness of a new drug, FD could be used to analyze the effects of dosage, frequency of administration, and patient age on the drug's ...read more

Electrical safety refers to the measures taken to prevent electrical hazards and ensure the safety of people and property.

• Electrical safety involves following proper procedures for installation, maintenance, and use of electrical equipment.

• It includes using appropriate protective gear, such as gloves and goggles, when working with electricity.

• Electrical safety also involves identifying and addressing potential hazards, such as exposed wires or overloaded circuits.

• Examples of ...read more

PKA, or protein kinase A, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes by phosphorylating target proteins.

• PKA is a type of enzyme known as a protein kinase, which adds phosphate groups to target proteins.

• It is involved in regulating processes such as metabolism, gene expression, cell growth, and cell division.

• PKA is activated by cyclic AMP (cAMP), which is a second messenger that relays signals from hormones and neurotransmitters.

• Dysregulati...read more

HPLC stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography. It is a technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture.

• HPLC involves passing a liquid sample through a column filled with a stationary phase, where different components in the sample interact differently with the stationary phase and are separated based on their properties.

• The separated components are detected and quantified as they exit the column, allowing for analysis of the sample composit...read more

Stability studies are conducted to evaluate the stability of a product over time under various conditions.

• Stability studies help determine the shelf life of a product.

• They assess how the quality of a product changes over time.

• Factors such as temperature, humidity, light exposure, and packaging are considered in stability studies.

• Results of stability studies are used to establish storage conditions and expiration dates for products.

• Examples include pharmaceuticals, food produc...read more

The UV Principal explains the concept of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and its properties.

• UV radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength than visible light.

• UV radiation is divided into three categories: UVA, UVB, and UVC.

• UV radiation can have both positive (e.g. vitamin D synthesis) and negative (e.g. skin damage) effects on humans.

• UV radiation is commonly used in sterilization processes and tanning beds.