40+ Sonshiv Industries Interview Questions and Answers

List and tuple are both data structures in Python, but they have some differences.

• Lists are mutable, while tuples are immutable.

• Lists use square brackets [], while tuples use parentheses ().

• Lists are typically used for collections of homogeneous items, while tuples are used for heterogeneous items.

• Lists are usually used for sequences that will be modified, while tuples are used for sequences that will not be modified.

• Lists have more built-in methods than tuples.

Interview questions for Systems Engineer role

• Roles and responsibilities of a Systems Engineer

• Work experiences and technical skills required for the role

• Explanation of Automation Framework used in a project

• Basic concepts of Java programming language

• Understanding of Maps, List, and Sets in Java

• Knowledge of Selenium automation tool

• Understanding of TestNG testing framework

No, continue statement can only be used inside loops.

• The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop.

• It cannot be used outside of a loop as there is no iteration to skip.

• Attempting to use continue outside of a loop will result in a syntax error.

Referential integrity constant ensures that a foreign key value always refers to an existing primary key value.

• It maintains consistency between related tables

• It prevents orphaned records

• It enforces data integrity

• Example: A foreign key in the Orders table refers to the primary key in the Customers table

Selecting 0.95 of the whole dataset helps in training the model on a larger portion of the data while still having enough for testing.

• Using 0.95 of the dataset ensures that the model is trained on a majority of the data, leading to better generalization.

• Having a larger training set can help in capturing more patterns and relationships in the data.

• Reserving 0.05 of the dataset for testing allows for evaluating the model's performance on unseen data.

• This split ratio is commonly...read more

Delete, drop, truncate, and join are SQL commands with different functionalities.

• DELETE: Removes specific rows from a table based on a condition.

• DROP: Deletes an entire table or database object from the database.

• TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table, but keeps the table structure.

• JOIN: Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

Different types of transformations in Informatica include active and passive transformations, as well as union and joiner transformations.

• Active transformations are those which change the number of rows that pass through them, such as Filter or Router transformations.

• Passive transformations do not change the number of rows that pass through them, such as Expression or Lookup transformations.

• Union transformation combines data from multiple pipelines into a single pipeline.

• Join...read more

Servlets are used for server-side processing and JSP for presentation. Both have their own advantages.

• Servlets are used for handling complex business logic and database operations.

• JSP is used for presentation and displaying dynamic content.

• Servlets are faster than JSP as they do not involve the overhead of rendering HTML.

• Servlets can be used to handle multiple requests simultaneously.

• JSP can be used for rapid development of web pages.

• Servlets can be used to create RESTful web...read more

Global variables are accessible throughout the program, while local variables are only accessible within a specific function.

• Global variables can be accessed and modified by any function or module in the program.

• Local variables are declared within a specific function and can only be accessed within that function.

• Global variables can cause naming conflicts and make debugging difficult.

• Local variables are preferred for their encapsulation and reduced risk of naming conflicts.

Static variable is a variable that retains its value even after the function execution is completed.

• Static variables are declared inside a function with the keyword 'static'.

• They are initialized only once and retain their value throughout the program.

• They have a default value of 0 if not initialized explicitly.

• They are useful in situations where we need to maintain the state of a variable across function calls.

The most difficult coding problems in the coding round were related to optimizing algorithms and handling complex data structures.

• Optimizing algorithms for efficiency

• Handling complex data structures like trees and graphs

• Implementing dynamic programming solutions

• Dealing with multi-threading and concurrency issues

Covariance measures the relationship between two variables, correlation measures the strength and direction of a relationship, and multicollinearity occurs when independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated.

• Covariance is a measure of how two variables change together. It can be positive, negative, or zero.

• Correlation is a standardized measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to 1.

• Multicollinearity i...read more

SCD stands for Slowly Changing Dimensions and lookups in Informatica are used to perform data transformations by looking up data from a reference table.

• SCD is used to track changes to dimension data over time.

• There are three types of SCD - Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3.

• Lookups in Informatica are used to perform data transformations by looking up data from a reference table.

• Lookups can be connected to different types of sources like flat files, databases, etc.

• Example: In a Type 2...read more

Pass statement skips the current iteration and continue statement skips the current iteration and moves to the next one.

• Pass statement is used to do nothing and move to the next iteration in a loop.

• Continue statement is used to skip the current iteration and move to the next one in a loop.

• Pass statement is used when a statement is required syntactically but no action is needed.

• Continue statement is used when a condition is met and the current iteration needs to be skipped.

Code for infinite loop and prime number check

• For infinite loop: while(1) { //code }

• For prime number check: bool isPrime(int n) { for(int i=2; i<=sqrt(n); i++) { if(n%i == 0) return false; } return true; }

• Infinite loop can be used for continuous monitoring or background tasks

• Prime number check is useful in cryptography and number theory

Method overriding is when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its parent class, while method overloading is when multiple methods have the same name but different parameters.

• Method overriding involves inheritance and is used to provide a specific implementation of a method in a subclass.

• Method overloading involves having multiple methods with the same name but different parameters in the same class.

• In method overriding, the me...read more

React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Fragments are used to group elements without adding extra nodes to the DOM.

• React is used for building reusable UI components

• Fragments are used to group elements without adding extra nodes to the DOM

• Divs are not used because they add extra nodes to the DOM

• Fragments are more efficient than divs when rendering lists of items

Java OOPS is class-based and strongly typed, while Python OOPS is dynamic and duck-typed.

• Java OOPS requires explicit declaration of data types, while Python OOPS does not.

• Java OOPS has strict rules for inheritance and polymorphism, while Python OOPS allows for more flexibility.

• Java OOPS has a more verbose syntax, while Python OOPS is more concise and readable.

• Example: Java - public class Car extends Vehicle; Python - class Car(Vehicle):

Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to take on many forms. There are two types of polymorphism: compile-time and runtime.

• Compile-time polymorphism is achieved through function overloading and operator overloading.

• Runtime polymorphism is achieved through virtual functions and function overriding.

• Example of compile-time polymorphism: function overloading - multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.

• Example of runtime polymorphism: virtual functio...read more

I have worked on a keyword-driven automation framework using Selenium and TestNG.

• Used Excel sheets to store test data and keywords

• Implemented reusable functions for common actions

• Integrated with Jenkins for continuous integration

• Supported parallel execution for faster testing

Data encapsulation is the bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data, while data hiding is the concept of hiding the implementation details of a class from the outside world.

• Data encapsulation bundles data and methods together to protect data from outside interference.

• Data hiding hides the implementation details of a class, allowing only necessary information to be accessed.

• Encapsulation helps in achieving data abstraction and information hiding.

• Example: In o...read more

Transition from mechanical core to IT was driven by passion for technology and desire to work on cutting-edge systems.

• Passion for technology and interest in IT drove the transition

• Desire to work on cutting-edge systems and innovative projects

• Opportunity to expand skill set and explore new career paths

• Recognized the growing importance of IT in modern industries

HashMap, set, and lists are different data structures used in programming for storing and organizing data efficiently.

• HashMap: key-value pairs, allows fast lookup of values based on keys (e.g. phonebook)

• Set: collection of unique elements, no duplicates allowed (e.g. set of unique user IDs)

• Lists: ordered collection of elements, allows duplicates and maintains insertion order (e.g. list of tasks)

Garbage collector in JAVA is a program that automatically frees up memory by removing objects that are no longer in use.

• Garbage collector is a part of JVM that manages memory allocation and deallocation

• It runs in the background and frees up memory by removing objects that are no longer in use

• It helps prevent memory leaks and improves performance

• Examples of garbage collectors in JAVA are Serial, Parallel, CMS, and G1

The Travelling Salesman Problem is a classic optimization problem where a salesman must visit a set of cities exactly once and return to the starting city with the shortest possible route.

• Involves finding the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting city

• Considered a NP-hard problem, meaning there is no known efficient algorithm to solve it for large number of cities

• Applications in logistics, network routing, DNA sequencing, etc.

• Ex...read more

SQL joins are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

• Inner join: returns only the matching rows from both tables

• Left join: returns all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table

• Right join: returns all the rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table

• Full outer join: returns all the rows from both tables, with NULL values in the columns where there is no match

• Cross join: returns the Cartesi...read more

init() method initializes an object or a class.

• init() method is used to initialize an object or a class.

• It is called automatically when an object is created.

• It can be used to set default values for object properties.

• It can also be used to perform any necessary setup operations.

• Example: __init__() method in Python.

• Example: init() method in Java.

• Example: viewDidLoad() method in iOS development.

C++ supports multiple inheritance while Java supports single inheritance.

• C++ allows a class to inherit from multiple classes, while Java only allows a class to inherit from one class.

• Java uses interfaces to achieve multiple inheritance-like behavior.

• C++ inheritance is more flexible but can lead to ambiguity and complexity, while Java's single inheritance simplifies the design.

• Example: C++ - class B: public A, public C; Java - class B extends A;

• Example: Java - interface C { vo...read more

OOPs concept is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data in the form of fields and code in the form of procedures.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

• Inheritance: Allowing a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

• Polymorphism: The ability to present the same interface for different data types.

Code to generate prime numbers in an array

• Create a function to check if a number is prime

• Iterate through numbers and add prime numbers to an array

• Return the array of prime numbers

Object Oriented concepts in Java include classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.

• Classes are blueprints for objects, defining attributes and behaviors.

• Objects are instances of classes, containing data and methods.

• Inheritance allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class.

• Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent class.

• Encapsulation restricts access to certain components of an object.

Securing a web app involves implementing various measures to protect against attacks and vulnerabilities.

• Use HTTPS to encrypt data in transit

• Implement strong authentication and authorization mechanisms

• Regularly update and patch software and libraries

• Use input validation and output encoding to prevent injection attacks

• Implement security headers to prevent cross-site scripting and clickjacking

• Regularly perform security audits and penetration testing

• Implement rate limiting and o...read more

OOPS principles are a set of guidelines that help in creating modular, reusable, and maintainable code.

• Encapsulation: Hiding the implementation details of an object and exposing only the necessary information.

• Inheritance: Creating new classes from existing ones, inheriting their properties and methods.

• Polymorphism: The ability of objects to take on multiple forms or behaviors.

• Abstraction: Focusing on the essential features of an object and ignoring the non-essential ones.

• Exam...read more

Scaling a web app involves optimizing resources, load balancing, and implementing caching strategies.

• Use load balancers to distribute traffic across multiple servers

• Optimize database queries and use caching to reduce server load

• Implement auto-scaling to add or remove resources based on traffic

• Use content delivery networks (CDNs) to serve static assets

• Consider using microservices architecture to break down the app into smaller components

• Monitor performance and make adjustments...read more

Java 8 introduced several new features including lambda expressions, functional interfaces, streams, and default methods.

• Lambda expressions allow you to write code in a more concise way.

• Functional interfaces are interfaces with a single abstract method, used for lambda expressions.

• Streams provide a way to work with sequences of elements.

• Default methods allow interfaces to have method implementations.

• Example: Lambda expression - (a, b) -> a + b

• Example: Functional interface - C...read more

I have used various Python libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, and Scikit-learn.

• NumPy for numerical computing and array manipulation

• Pandas for data manipulation and analysis

• Matplotlib for data visualization

• Scikit-learn for machine learning algorithms

Arrays are fixed-size data structures that store elements of the same data type, while lists are dynamic data structures that can store elements of different data types.

• Arrays have a fixed size determined at the time of declaration, while lists can dynamically grow or shrink in size.

• Arrays store elements of the same data type, while lists can store elements of different data types.

• Arrays are accessed by index, while lists are accessed by iterators or pointers.

• Example: Array -...read more

System design in microservices involves breaking down a large application into smaller, independent services.

• Decompose the application into smaller services that are loosely coupled

• Each service should have a specific function and communicate with other services via APIs

• Use containers like Docker for easy deployment and scaling

• Implement service discovery and load balancing for efficient communication

• Monitor and manage services using tools like Kubernetes

Java 8 streams provide a way to process collections of objects in a functional style.

• Streams are sequences of elements that support various operations like filter, map, reduce, etc.

• They can be created from collections using the stream() method.

• Streams can be parallelized to improve performance using parallelStream() method.

• Terminal operations like forEach, collect, reduce are used to process the elements in a stream.

Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems encountered in software design.

• Design patterns provide a template for solving recurring design problems in software development.

• They help in creating maintainable, scalable, and efficient code.

• Examples include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Strategy patterns.

Inheritance in Java allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class.

• Inheritance is achieved using the 'extends' keyword in Java.

• Subclasses can access the members of the superclass using inheritance.

• Java does not support multiple inheritance, but a class can implement multiple interfaces.

Reverse a string by iterating through the characters and swapping them

• Create a function that takes a string as input

• Initialize two pointers, one at the beginning and one at the end of the string

• Swap the characters at the two pointers and move them towards the center until they meet

Object-oriented programming paradigm that focuses on objects and classes

• Encapsulation: bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit

• Inheritance: ability of a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class

• Polymorphism: ability to present the same interface for different data types

• Abstraction: hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features