Priyam Innovations Full Stack Software Developer Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced

Streams in C++ are used for input and output operations. Predefined streams in C++ include cin, cout, cerr, and clog.

• Streams in C++ are objects that allow reading from or writing to external sources or destinations.

• cin is the standard input stream used for reading input from the user.

• cout is the standard output stream used for printing output to the console.

• cerr is the standard error stream used for printing error mess...read more

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

• It is a type of database management system that stores data in tables with relationships between them.

• It uses SQL (Structured Query Language) to manipulate and retrieve data.

• Examples include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server.

Normalisation is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

• It involves breaking down a table into smaller tables and defining relationships between them.

• Normalization helps to eliminate data inconsistencies and anomalies.

• There are different levels of normalization, with each level having specific rules to follow.

• Examples of normalization include converting repeating gr...read more

INDEX is generally created on columns that are frequently used in WHERE, JOIN, and ORDER BY clauses.

• INDEX improves the performance of SELECT queries.

• INDEX should be created on columns with high selectivity.

• INDEX should not be created on columns with low selectivity.

• Examples of columns to create INDEX on are primary keys, foreign keys, and columns used in search queries.

Object oriented model is a programming paradigm that uses objects to represent real-world entities.

• Objects have properties and methods that define their behavior

• Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are key concepts in OOP

• Examples of OOP languages include Java, C++, and Python

DML is provided to manipulate data in a database.

• DML stands for Data Manipulation Language.

• It is used to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from a database.

• DML commands include INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT.

• DML is essential for managing and maintaining data in a database.

Reference variables in C++ are aliases for other variables, allowing direct access and manipulation of the original data.

• Reference variables are declared using an ampersand (&) symbol.

• They must be initialized when declared and cannot be reassigned to refer to a different variable.

• Changes made to a reference variable affect the original variable it refers to.

• They are commonly used to pass variables by reference to funct...read more

Normalization is a process of organizing data in a database to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity.

• First Normal Form (1NF) - Eliminate duplicate data by separating them into multiple tables.

• Second Normal Form (2NF) - Remove partial dependencies by creating separate tables for sets of attributes.

• Third Normal Form (3NF) - Eliminate transitive dependencies by creating separate tables for related attributes.

• Boy...read more

Scope rules in C++ determine the visibility and accessibility of variables and functions within a program.

• Variables declared within a block have local scope and are only accessible within that block.

• Global variables have file scope and can be accessed from any function within the file.

• Function parameters have function scope and are only accessible within that function.

• Nested blocks can have their own scope, and variabl...read more

BCNF is not necessarily better than 2NF & 3NF, it depends on the specific requirements of the database.

• BCNF is the highest normal form and ensures that there are no non-trivial functional dependencies between any subset of candidate keys.

• 2NF and 3NF are also important and should be used when appropriate.

• For example, if a database has a composite primary key and non-key attributes that depend on only one part of the key...read more

An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources.

• It acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware.

• It provides services to applications and manages system resources.

• Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS.

Exclusive lock is used when a resource is being modified and prevents other processes from accessing it. Shared lock allows multiple processes to read a resource simultaneously.

• Exclusive lock is used for write operations, while shared lock is used for read operations.

• Exclusive lock blocks other processes from acquiring both exclusive and shared locks on the same resource.

• Shared lock allows multiple processes to acquire...read more

rand() generates a random number, srand() seeds the random number generator.

• rand() generates a pseudo-random number between 0 and RAND_MAX

• srand() sets the seed for the random number generator used by rand()

• srand() should be called before rand() to ensure different sequences of random numbers

• Example: srand(time(NULL)) sets the seed to the current time, ensuring a different sequence each time the program is run

Linked List is a linear data structure. Stack and Queue are abstract data types.

• Linked List: A collection of nodes where each node points to the next node.

• Stack: A data structure where elements are added and removed from the top only.

• Queue: A data structure where elements are added at the rear and removed from the front only.

• Example: Browser history can be implemented using a Linked List.

• Example: Undo/Redo functionalit...read more

Triggers are events that initiate an action or set of actions. They are commonly used in databases and automation systems.

• Triggers are used in databases to automatically execute a set of actions when a certain event occurs, such as inserting or updating data.

• They can also be used in automation systems to initiate a process or workflow when a specific event occurs, such as receiving an email or a file upload.

• Triggers ca...read more

Semaphore and monitor are synchronization tools used in concurrent programming.

• Semaphore is a signaling mechanism that allows multiple threads to access a shared resource simultaneously.

• Monitor is a synchronization construct that allows threads to have both mutual exclusion and the ability to wait (block) for a certain condition to become true.

• Semaphore is a lower-level primitive, while monitor is a higher-level abstra...read more

Transparent DBMS allows users to see and control the underlying database operations.

• Transparent DBMS provides visibility into the database operations and allows users to monitor and control them.

• It enables users to see how data is being stored, accessed, and manipulated in real-time.

• Examples include Oracle Transparent Data Encryption and Microsoft SQL Server Transparent Data Encryption.

• Transparent DBMS can improve secu...read more

RDBMS KERNEL is not a commonly used term in the industry.

• There is no widely accepted definition of RDBMS KERNEL.

• It may refer to the core components of a relational database management system.

• It could also be a term used by a specific company or product.

• Without more context, it is difficult to provide a specific answer.