20+ Civiltech Surveys Interview Questions and Answers

An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network. It consists of 32 bits.

• IP address is used to identify and locate devices on a network.

• It is composed of four sets of numbers separated by periods.

• Each set can range from 0 to 255, representing 8 bits.

• Example: 192.168.0.1

The 1PB file can be read using 4 threads by dividing the file into smaller chunks and assigning each thread to read a chunk.

• Divide the file into smaller chunks of equal size.

• Assign each thread to read a specific chunk of the file.

• Ensure synchronization between the threads to avoid conflicts.

• Combine the data read by each thread to obtain the complete file content.

The output will be 'Hello'.

• The code assigns the value 3 to the variable $a using the assignment operator (=).

• The if statement checks if the value of $a is truthy (non-zero, non-null).

• Since 3 is truthy, the condition evaluates to true and 'Hello' is echoed.

HTTP request transfers data from client to server using headers.

• HTTP request is sent from the client to the server using the HTTP protocol.

• The request consists of a request line, headers, and an optional message body.

• Headers provide additional information about the request, such as the content type, cookies, authentication, etc.

• Some common headers include 'Content-Type', 'User-Agent', 'Authorization', 'Cookie', etc.

• Headers are key-value pairs separated by a colon, and each he...read more

MVC framework is a software design pattern that separates an application into three interconnected components: Model, View, and Controller.

• Model represents the data and business logic of the application.

• View is responsible for displaying the user interface.

• Controller handles user input, updates the model, and interacts with the view.

• The workflow starts with the user interacting with the view, which triggers a request to the controller.

• The controller processes the request, upd...read more

Left Inner Join is a type of join operation in relational databases that returns only the matching records from both tables.

• Left Inner Join combines rows from two tables based on a related column between them.

• It returns only the matching records from both tables.

• In C code, you can implement Left Inner Join using arrays by iterating through both arrays and comparing the related column values.

• Here's an example of C code for Left Inner Join using arrays:

JSON is better than XML for data interchange due to its simplicity, readability, and smaller file size.

• JSON is more lightweight and has a simpler syntax compared to XML.

• JSON is easier to read and write for humans.

• JSON has better support for arrays and objects.

• JSON has a smaller file size compared to XML.

• JSON is faster to parse and process compared to XML.

Relational databases are structured databases that store data in tables with relationships. They are used for data integrity and flexibility.

• Relational databases store data in tables with rows and columns.

• They use structured query language (SQL) to manipulate and retrieve data.

• Tables can have relationships with each other through keys.

• Relational databases ensure data integrity and consistency through constraints.

• They provide flexibility in querying and analyzing data.

• Examples...read more

A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table, while a unique key ensures that all values in a column are distinct.

• Primary key is used to uniquely identify a record in a table.

• A table can have only one primary key.

• Primary key cannot have null values.

• Unique key ensures that all values in a column are distinct.

• A table can have multiple unique keys.

• Unique key can have null values.

AJAX is a technique used to send and receive data from a server without refreshing the entire web page.

• AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.

• It allows for asynchronous communication between the client and server.

• AJAX uses XMLHttpRequest object to send and receive data.

• Headers in AJAX requests contain additional information about the request or response.

• Common headers include Content-Type, Accept, and Authorization.

• Headers can be set using the setRequestHeader() meth...read more

Yes, I have made a thread-based program in C.

• Threads in C allow for concurrent execution of multiple tasks.

• Threads can be created using the pthread library in C.

• Thread-based programs can improve performance and responsiveness.

• Example: Creating multiple threads to perform parallel processing tasks.

Threading at the CPU level involves the execution of multiple threads simultaneously to improve performance.

• Threading allows for parallel execution of tasks on a CPU.

• Threads are scheduled by the operating system and executed by the CPU.

• Each thread has its own stack and program counter.

• Threads share the same memory space, allowing for communication and data sharing.

• Thread synchronization mechanisms like locks and semaphores are used to prevent conflicts.

• Examples of threading m...read more

UDP has advantages over TCP in terms of speed, simplicity, and low overhead.

• UDP is faster than TCP because it does not require the establishment of a connection before data transfer.

• UDP is simpler than TCP as it does not have features like flow control, congestion control, and error recovery.

• UDP has lower overhead compared to TCP as it does not include sequence numbers, acknowledgments, or retransmission mechanisms.

• UDP is suitable for real-time applications like video streami...read more

Page replacement policies are algorithms used in operating systems to decide which pages to evict from memory when a new page needs to be loaded.

• FIFO (First-In, First-Out): Evicts the oldest page in memory.

• LRU (Least Recently Used): Evicts the least recently used page in memory.

• LFU (Least Frequently Used): Evicts the least frequently used page in memory.

• Optimal: Evicts the page that will not be used for the longest period of time in the future.

• Clock: Uses a circular list and ...read more

JSON is a lightweight data interchange format. XML is a markup language used for structuring and storing data.

• JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation.

• JSON is easy to read and write for humans and easy to parse and generate for machines.

• JSON uses key-value pairs to represent data.

• XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.

• XML uses tags to define elements and attributes to provide additional information about elements.

• XML is widely used for data storage, configuration files, ...read more

Queue is a data structure that uses FIFO (First-In-First-Out) principle.

• Elements are added to the back of the queue and removed from the front.

• Common operations include enqueue (add element) and dequeue (remove element).

• Examples: waiting in line, printing tasks in order.

Page faults occur when a program requests data from the disk that is not currently in the main memory.

• Page faults happen when a program tries to access data that is not present in the main memory.

• When a page fault occurs, the operating system needs to retrieve the required data from the disk and load it into memory.

• Page faults can significantly slow down program execution as disk access is much slower compared to memory access.

• There are two types of page faults: minor page fa...read more

Threads are lightweight units of execution within a process, while processes are independent instances of a program.

• Threads share the same memory space and resources of a process, while processes have their own memory space and resources.

• Threads are faster to create and terminate compared to processes.

• Threads within a process can communicate with each other directly, while processes communicate through inter-process communication mechanisms.

• Threads are used for achieving para...read more

Paging is a memory management technique used by operating systems to efficiently manage memory.

• Paging divides the physical memory into fixed-size blocks called pages.

• Virtual memory is divided into fixed-size blocks called page frames.

• When a process needs to access a memory location, the operating system maps the virtual address to a physical address.

• Page tables are used to keep track of the mapping between virtual and physical addresses.

• Paging allows for efficient memory allo...read more

ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. It is an electronic banking device that allows customers to perform financial transactions.

• ATM is a self-service machine used for banking purposes.

• It provides services like cash withdrawal, balance inquiry, fund transfers, and bill payments.

• ATMs are available 24/7 and are located in various places like banks, shopping malls, and convenience stores.

• Customers can access their accounts by inserting a bank card and entering a personal iden...read more

Ajax is a web development technique that allows for asynchronous communication between the client and server.

• Ajax stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.

• It enables web pages to update content without reloading the entire page.

• Ajax uses XMLHttpRequest or fetch API to send and receive data asynchronously.

• Commonly used in dynamic web applications to enhance user experience.

• Example: Autocomplete search suggestions, real-time chat applications.

HTTP is a protocol used for communication between web browsers and servers.

• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

• It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.

• HTTP uses a client-server model where the browser acts as the client and requests data from the server.

• It operates on top of TCP/IP and uses port 80 by default.

• HTTP is stateless, meaning each request is independent and unrelated to previous requests.

• It supports various request methods like GET,...read more

Thrashing is a phenomenon in computer systems where excessive paging occurs, leading to a decrease in overall system performance.

• Thrashing occurs when a computer's virtual memory system is constantly swapping data between RAM and disk.

• It typically happens when the system is overloaded with too many processes or when the working set of a process exceeds the available physical memory.

• Thrashing can severely impact system performance, causing slow response times and high CPU usag...read more

Reverse a linked list by changing the direction of the pointers.

• Iteratively swap the next and previous pointers of each node.

• Use three pointers to keep track of the current, previous, and next nodes.

• Repeat until the current node becomes null.

• Example: 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> null becomes 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null.

Nakuri is a Hindi word meaning job or employment.

• Nakuri refers to a job or employment in Hindi language.

• It is commonly used in India to refer to one's occupation or work.

• Example: Main apni nakuri se khush hoon (I am happy with my job).

Nakuri is a job search platform in India.

• Job search platform in India

• Offers job listings, resume building tools, and career advice

• Connects job seekers with employers

• Popular among Indian job seekers