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I was interviewed before Feb 2022.
To check if a directed graph is cyclic or not
Use Depth First Search (DFS) algorithm to traverse the graph
Maintain a visited set to keep track of visited nodes
Maintain a recursion stack to keep track of nodes in the current DFS traversal
If a node is visited and is already in the recursion stack, then the graph is cyclic
If DFS traversal completes without finding a cycle, then the graph is acyclic
Return a random byte from a stream of bytes with equal probability.
Create a variable to store the count of bytes read
Create a variable to store the current random byte
For each byte read, generate a random number between 0 and the count of bytes read
If the random number is 0, store the current byte as the random byte
Return the random byte
Check if a binary tree is a binary search tree or not.
Traverse the tree in-order and check if the values are in ascending order.
For each node, check if its value is greater than the maximum value of its left subtree and less than the minimum value of its right subtree.
Use recursion to check if all nodes in the tree satisfy the above condition.
Algorithm to find Nth-to-Last element in a singly linked list of unknown length
Traverse the list and maintain two pointers, one at the beginning and one at Nth node from beginning
Move both pointers simultaneously until the second pointer reaches the end of the list
The first pointer will be pointing to the Nth-to-Last element
If N=0, return the last element
Parse the list only once
Print all possible permutations of an array of integers
Use recursion to swap elements and generate permutations
Start with the first element and swap it with each subsequent element
Repeat the process for the remaining elements
Stop when all elements have been swapped with the first element
Print each permutation as it is generated
Design a stack that prints the minimum element pushed in O(1)
Use two stacks, one for storing elements and another for storing minimums
When pushing an element, compare it with the top of minimum stack and push the smaller one
When popping an element, pop from both stacks
To get the minimum element, just return the top of minimum stack
To find the starting point of a loop in a linked list, use Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm.
Use two pointers, one moving at twice the speed of the other.
When they meet, move one pointer to the head of the list and keep the other at the meeting point.
Move both pointers one step at a time until they meet again, which is the starting point of the loop.
To find a number in a matrix where all rows and columns are sorted non-decreasingly. Complexity of the solution.
Use binary search to find the number in each row and column
Start from the top-right corner or bottom-left corner to optimize search
Time complexity: O(m log n) or O(n log m) depending on the starting corner
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I was interviewed in Jul 2017.
Code to print * in five consecutive lines
Use a loop to iterate five times
Inside the loop, print a string containing a single * character
Code to calculate number of bounces a ball goes through until it comes to rest.
Use a loop to simulate the bounces until the ball stops bouncing
Calculate the height of each bounce using the given formula
Keep track of the number of bounces in a counter variable
The best and less time consuming way to calculate factorial of a number is using iterative approach.
Iteratively multiply the number with all the numbers from 1 to the given number
Start with a result variable initialized to 1
Multiply the result with each number in the range
Return the final result
Code to find factorial using function recursion
Define a function that takes an integer as input
Check if the input is 0 or 1, return 1 in that case
Otherwise, call the function recursively with input-1 and multiply it with the input
posted on 10 May 2015
Locate sum of 2 numbers in a linear array (unsorted and sorted) and their complexities
For unsorted array, use nested loops to compare each element with every other element until the sum is found
For sorted array, use two pointers approach starting from the beginning and end of the array and move them towards each other until the sum is found
Complexity for unsorted array is O(n^2) and for sorted array is O(n)
Pointers are used to manipulate memory addresses and values in C++. Increment/decrement, address of and value at operators are commonly used.
Incrementing a pointer moves it to the next memory location of the same data type
Decrementing a pointer moves it to the previous memory location of the same data type
The address of operator (&) returns the memory address of a variable
The value at operator (*) returns the value sto
To determine if a point is inside or outside a rectangle, we check if the point's coordinates fall within the rectangle's boundaries.
Check if the point's x-coordinate is greater than the left edge of the rectangle
Check if the point's x-coordinate is less than the right edge of the rectangle
Check if the point's y-coordinate is greater than the top edge of the rectangle
Check if the point's y-coordinate is less than the b...
To find line that divides rectangle into 2 equal halves through a point inside it.
Find the center of the rectangle
Draw a line from the center to the given point
Extend the line to the opposite side of the rectangle
The extended line will divide the rectangle into 2 equal halves
There are multiple combinations of 8-bit and 16-bit signed numbers. How many such combinations are possible?
There are 2^8 (256) possible combinations of 8-bit signed numbers.
There are 2^16 (65,536) possible combinations of 16-bit signed numbers.
To find the total number of combinations, we can add the number of combinations of 8-bit and 16-bit signed numbers.
Therefore, the total number of possible combinations is 256 +
Find duplicates in an array of elements in 0(n) time and 0(1) space.
Use the property of inputs to your advantage
Iterate through the array and mark elements as negative
If an element is already negative, it is a duplicate
Return all the negative elements as duplicates
posted on 6 Apr 2022
I was interviewed before Apr 2021.
Round duration - 75 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
This was an online coding round where I had 2 questions to solve under 75 minutes. Both the coding questions were of Medium to Hard level of difficulty.
Given two strings, S
and X
, your task is to find the smallest substring in S
that contains all the characters present in X
.
S = "abdd"
X = "bd"
Find the smallest substring in S that contains all characters in X.
Use a sliding window approach to find the smallest substring in S that contains all characters in X.
Keep track of the characters in X using a hashmap.
Move the window by adjusting the start and end pointers until all characters in X are found.
Return the smallest substring encountered.
Given a binary tree where each node contains an integer value, and a value 'K', your task is to find all the paths in the binary tree such that the sum of the node values in ...
Find all paths in a binary tree where the sum of node values equals a given value 'K'.
Traverse the binary tree using DFS and keep track of the current path and its sum.
At each node, check if the current sum equals 'K' and add the path to the result.
Continue traversal to the left and right child nodes recursively.
Return the list of paths that sum up to 'K'.
Round duration - 60 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
This round had 2 questions of DS/Algo to solve under 60 minutes and 2 questions related to Operating Systems.
You are provided with a binary tree containing 'N' nodes. Your task is to determine if this tree is a Partial Binary Search Tree (BST). Return t...
Validate if a binary tree is a Partial Binary Search Tree (BST) by checking if each node's left subtree contains nodes with data less than or equal to the node's data, and each node's right subtree contains nodes with data greater than or equal to the node's data.
Check if each node's left subtree follows BST property (data <= node's data) and right subtree follows BST property (data >= node's data)
Recursively che...
Given an array of integers with 'N' elements, determine the length of the longest subsequence where each element is greater than the previous element. This...
Find the length of the longest strictly increasing subsequence in an array of integers.
Use dynamic programming to solve this problem efficiently.
Initialize an array to store the length of the longest increasing subsequence ending at each index.
Iterate through the array and update the length of the longest increasing subsequence for each element.
Return the maximum value in the array as the result.
Processes are instances of a program in execution, while threads are lightweight processes within a process.
A process is a program in execution, with its own memory space and resources.
Threads are lightweight processes within a process, sharing the same memory space and resources.
Processes are independent of each other, while threads within the same process can communicate and share data.
Example: A web browser running ...
Different types of semaphores include binary semaphores, counting semaphores, and mutex semaphores.
Binary semaphores: Can only have two states - 0 or 1. Used for mutual exclusion.
Counting semaphores: Can have multiple states. Used for managing resources with limited capacity.
Mutex semaphores: Similar to binary semaphores but with additional features like priority inheritance.
Named semaphores: Can be shared between proc...
Round duration - 60 Minutes
Round difficulty - Hard
In this round, I was asked 3 coding questions out of which I had to implement the first two and for the last question I was only asked the optimal approach. The main challenge in this round was to implement the first two questions in a production ready manner without any bugs and so I had to spent some time thinking about some Edge Cases which were important with respect to the question.
You are given an array arr
of length N
. For each element in the array, find the next greater element (NGE) that appears to the right. If there is no such greater ele...
The task is to find the next greater element for each element in an array to its right, if no greater element exists, return -1.
Use a stack to keep track of elements for which the next greater element is not found yet.
Iterate through the array from right to left and pop elements from the stack until a greater element is found.
Store the next greater element for each element in a separate array.
If the stack is empty afte...
Given a sorted array of 'N' integers, your task is to generate the power set for this array. Each subset of this power set should be individually sorted.
A power set of a set 'ARR' i...
Generate power set of a sorted array of integers with individually sorted subsets.
Use recursion to generate all possible subsets by including or excluding each element in the array.
Sort each subset before adding it to the power set.
Handle base case when all elements have been considered to add the subset to the power set.
Ninja is learning about sorting algorithms, specifically those that do not rely on comparisons. Can you help Ninja implement the counting sort algorithm?
Implement counting sort algorithm to sort an array of integers without comparisons.
Count the frequency of each element in the input array.
Create a prefix sum array to determine the position of each element in the sorted array.
Iterate through the input array and place each element in its correct position based on the prefix sum array.
Time complexity of counting sort is O(n+k), where n is the number of elements and k is
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
posted on 6 Mar 2024
posted on 11 Jun 2022
I applied via LinkedIn and was interviewed in Dec 2021. There was 1 interview round.
I applied via Campus Placement and was interviewed in Dec 2022. There were 3 interview rounds.
First 20 question for apti and then coding round of 20 questions each from c/c++ , java and SQL
No, multiple inheritance is not allowed in Java.
Java does not support multiple inheritance for classes to avoid the diamond problem.
However, multiple inheritance is allowed for interfaces in Java.
Example: class A extends B, C is not allowed, but interface A extends B, C is allowed.
Inheritance is a concept in object-oriented programming where a class inherits properties and behaviors from another class.
Allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class
Promotes code reusability and reduces redundancy
Creates a parent-child relationship between classes
Example: Class 'Car' can inherit properties and methods from class 'Vehicle'
Polymorphism in software development is like a person driving different vehicles using the same driving skills.
Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass.
For example, a superclass 'Shape' can have subclasses like 'Circle' and 'Rectangle' which can be treated as 'Shape' objects.
Calling a method like 'draw()' on a 'Shape' object will execute the specific implementatio...
General aptitude questions
Problem solving, solved 2 out of 3 questions
General topics were given in gd
I applied via Referral and was interviewed before Nov 2023. There were 2 interview rounds.
Frog jump dp problem
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