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Culverts are structures that allow water to flow under roads, while small bridges are structures that allow vehicles to cross over water bodies.
Culverts are typically made of concrete, steel, or plastic and are used to prevent flooding and erosion.
They are usually installed under roadways and railways to maintain the flow of water.
Culverts can be round, rectangular, or elliptical in shape.
Small bridges, on the other ha...
FRL stands for Finished Road Level, ROW stands for Right of Way, and freeboard is the vertical distance between the water level and the top of a structure.
FRL is the final level of the road surface after construction.
ROW refers to the land area acquired for the construction and maintenance of a highway.
Freeboard is important in hydraulic engineering to ensure structures are not submerged during flooding.
Example: FRL of...
Highway cross section design involves determining the layout and dimensions of the roadway and its components.
Consider factors such as traffic volume, speed, and terrain
Design elements include pavement, shoulders, medians, and drainage systems
Design must comply with local and national regulations and standards
Cross section design affects safety, comfort, and efficiency of the roadway
The criteria for giving foundation depth in bridges depend on various factors such as soil conditions, water table level, bridge type, and load requirements.
Soil conditions: The type and strength of the soil at the bridge site play a crucial role in determining the foundation depth. Weak or loose soils may require deeper foundations.
Water table level: If the water table is high, it can affect the stability of the found...
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