Clover Infotech Plsql Developer Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced

Optimizing stored procedures involves using proper indexing, reducing unnecessary loops, and minimizing database calls.

• Use proper indexing on columns used in WHERE clauses to improve query performance

• Avoid using cursors and loops whenever possible, as they can be inefficient

• Minimize the number of database calls by combining multiple queries into a single query or using temporary tables

• Consider using bulk processing tec...read more

Optimizing SQL queries involves using indexes, minimizing data retrieval, avoiding unnecessary joins, and optimizing query structure.

• Use indexes on columns frequently used in WHERE clauses

• Minimize data retrieval by selecting only necessary columns

• Avoid unnecessary joins by using EXISTS or IN clauses instead

• Optimize query structure by using appropriate join types and conditions

Returning clause is used to return a value from a function or procedure in PL/SQL.

• Used to return a single value from a function or procedure

• Can be used to return multiple values using OUT parameters

• Helps in passing values back to the calling program

Triggers can lead to performance issues, complexity, and potential for unintended consequences.

• Triggers can make code harder to debug and maintain

• They can lead to cascading effects if not carefully implemented

• Performance can be impacted if triggers are not optimized

• Triggers can introduce dependencies between different parts of the codebase

Create a function based on shared logic

• Identify common logic that can be reused in multiple functions

• Create a separate function to encapsulate the shared logic

• Call the shared function from other functions where the logic is needed

Types of cursors include implicit, explicit, and parameterized cursors.

• Implicit cursors are automatically created by Oracle when a SQL statement is executed.

• Explicit cursors are defined by the programmer using the DECLARE, OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements.

• Parameterized cursors allow for dynamic SQL statements to be executed with different parameters.

Execution plan is a roadmap created by the database optimizer to determine the most efficient way to execute a query.

• Execution plan shows the steps the database will take to execute a query.

• Query optimization involves finding the most efficient way to execute a query.

• Optimization techniques include index usage, join methods, and access paths.

• Understanding execution plans helps in tuning queries for better performance.

Procedure is used to perform an action, while function returns a value.

• Procedure does not return a value, while function does

• Functions can be used in SQL queries, procedures cannot

• Functions can be called from SQL statements, procedures cannot

In performance tuning, init refers to the initialization parameter file used by Oracle Database to configure various settings.

• init is a text-based configuration file that contains parameters to optimize the performance of Oracle Database.

• It is used to set parameters such as memory allocation, parallel processing, and resource utilization.

• By tuning the init file, developers can improve the overall performance of the dat...read more

Named and unnamed exceptions in PL/SQL with examples

• Named exceptions are user-defined exceptions with specific names like 'custom_exception'

• Unnamed exceptions are predefined exceptions like 'NO_DATA_FOUND' or 'TOO_MANY_ROWS'

• Named exceptions can be raised using RAISE statement with the exception name

• Unnamed exceptions are raised automatically by the system in case of errors

• Example of named exception: DECLARE custom_exce...read more

SQL is a query language used to interact with databases, while PL/SQL is a procedural language extension for SQL.

• SQL is used for querying and manipulating data in databases.

• PL/SQL is used for writing procedural code like loops, conditions, and functions.

• SQL statements are executed one at a time, while PL/SQL blocks can contain multiple statements.

• PL/SQL can be used to create stored procedures, functions, and triggers i...read more

SQL is a structured query language used to communicate with databases. SQL extensions add additional functionality to the language.

• SQL is a standard language used to interact with databases

• SQL extensions like PL/SQL add procedural programming capabilities to SQL

• PL/SQL is an extension of SQL used in Oracle databases

A cursor is a database object used to retrieve data from a result set one row at a time.

• Types of cursors: Implicit, Explicit, Ref, and Dynamic

• Implicit cursor is used for single row queries

• Explicit cursor is used for multi-row queries

• Ref cursor is used to point to a cursor variable

• Dynamic cursor is used to execute dynamic SQL statements

Explanation of triggers and their types in PL/SQL

• Triggers are database objects that are automatically executed in response to certain events

• Types of triggers include DML, DDL, and system triggers

• Syntax for creating a trigger: CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name {BEFORE|AFTER} {INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE} ON table_name [FOR EACH ROW] [WHEN condition] BEGIN ... END;

SQL optimization, normalization, and pragma usage are important concepts in PL/SQL development.

• SQL optimization involves improving the performance of SQL queries by analyzing and modifying the query structure, indexes, and data access patterns.

• Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

• Pragma is a compiler directive that provides additional information ...read more