200+ Interview Questions and Answers

Sort strings based on custom hierarchy

• Create a mapping of each character to its hierarchy value

• Sort the strings based on the hierarchy value of their first character

• If the first characters have the same hierarchy value, move to the next character

• Repeat until all strings are sorted

Various methodologies are used to calculate returns, including time-weighted, money-weighted, and geometric.

• Time-weighted returns measure the performance of a portfolio over a specific period of time, regardless of cash inflows or outflows.

• Money-weighted returns take into account the timing and amount of cash flows into and out of a portfolio.

• Geometric returns calculate the compounded rate of return over a period of time.

• Other methodologies include simple returns, logarithmic...read more

Structured finance involves creating complex financial instruments by pooling assets and selling them to investors.

• Structured finance is a way to create customized financial products by pooling assets like mortgages, loans, or bonds.

• These assets are then divided into tranches with different levels of risk and return, and sold to investors.

• Parties involved in structured finance include originators, underwriters, rating agencies, investors, and servicers.

• Examples of structured ...read more

NAV stands for Net Asset Value. It is the value of a mutual fund's assets minus its liabilities.

• NAV is calculated by dividing the total value of a fund's assets by the number of outstanding shares.

• The formula for NAV is: NAV = (Total Assets - Total Liabilities) / Number of Outstanding Shares

• NAV is calculated at the end of each trading day.

• NAV is used to determine the price at which investors can buy or sell shares in a mutual fund.

Fund accounting work flow involves NAV calculation, journal ledger entries, effects entries, and expenses accruals.

• Fund accounting work flow is the process of managing and recording financial transactions for investment funds.

• NAV calculation is the process of determining the net asset value of a fund, which represents the value of each share or unit.

• NAV impacts refer to the changes in the net asset value due to various factors such as market fluctuations, investments, and exp...read more

A journal entry for a buy transaction involves debiting the asset account and crediting the cash account.

• Debit the asset account for the cost of the purchase

• Credit the cash account for the amount paid

• If the purchase was made on credit, credit the accounts payable account instead of cash

• Example: Debit Equipment for $10,000 and credit Cash for $10,000

Compiler translates entire code into machine code while interpreter translates line by line.

• Compiler converts source code into executable code without executing it.

• Interpreter converts source code into machine code line by line and executes it.

• Compiler generates error messages after the entire code is compiled.

• Interpreter generates error messages as soon as it encounters an error in the code.

• Examples of compilers are GCC, Clang, and Visual C++. Examples of interpreters are Py...read more

Yes, bonus shares impact capital accretion.

• Bonus shares increase the number of outstanding shares without affecting the company's capital.

• The capital accretion is not directly impacted by bonus shares as they are issued from the company's reserves.

• However, bonus shares can indirectly impact capital accretion by increasing the liquidity and marketability of the company's stock.

• Investors may perceive bonus shares as a positive signal, leading to an increase in demand and potent...read more

Find first minimum and maximum number in an array using streams

• Use IntStream to convert array to stream of integers

• Use min() and max() methods to find minimum and maximum values

• Use findFirst() method to get the first occurrence of minimum and maximum values

Corporate action refers to any event initiated by a publicly traded company that affects the securities issued by the company.

• Corporate actions can include stock splits, dividends, mergers and acquisitions, and spin-offs.

• Asset transfer refers to the movement of securities or other assets from one account to another.

• Asset transfers can occur due to a variety of reasons, such as a change in ownership or a change in custodian.

• Corporate actions and asset transfers can have tax im...read more

CLO stands for Collateralized Loan Obligation. It is a type of structured asset-backed security.

• CLOs are created by pooling together a group of loans, usually corporate loans or bonds.

• The loans are then divided into different tranches based on their level of risk and return.

• Investors can buy into different tranches based on their risk appetite and investment goals.

• Day to day activities involve monitoring the performance of the underlying loans, managing cash flows, and making...read more

Global economic indicators suggest a possible recession.

• Trade tensions between US and China have led to a slowdown in global trade.

• Many countries are experiencing low economic growth rates.

• Central banks are cutting interest rates to stimulate growth.

• Inverted yield curves in bond markets indicate investor pessimism.

• Political uncertainty, such as Brexit, is causing instability in markets.

I performed testing by utilizing various unit testing modules such as JUnit and Mockito.

• Utilized JUnit for testing individual units of code

• Used Mockito for mocking dependencies in unit tests

• Implemented test cases to ensure proper functionality and identify bugs

Dividend is a portion of a company's profits paid to shareholders. Bonus is an additional payment to shareholders. Split is dividing existing shares into multiple shares. NAV is the value of a fund's assets minus liabilities.

• Dividend is a distribution of a portion of a company's profits to its shareholders

• Bonus is an additional payment made to shareholders, often as a reward for holding shares for a certain period of time

• Split is when a company divides its existing shares int...read more

Different types of joins and a SQL query.

• Types of joins: Inner join, Left join, Right join, Full outer join, Cross join

• Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables

• Left join returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table

• Right join returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table

• Full outer join returns all rows from both tables

• Cross join returns the Cartesian product of both tables

• Example query: SELECT * FROM...read more

Derivatives are financial contracts whose value is derived from an underlying asset. TLC stands for tender loving care. Hedge funds are investment funds that pool capital from accredited individuals or institutional investors.

• Derivatives are financial instruments that derive their value from an underlying asset, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or currencies.

• They are used for hedging against potential price fluctuations, speculating on future price movements, or gaining ex...read more

Special purpose vehicles (SPVs) are entities created to isolate financial risk and facilitate complex financial transactions.

• SPVs are commonly used in structured finance to securitize assets such as mortgages, auto loans, and credit card debt.

• They are designed to protect investors by separating the assets and liabilities of the SPV from those of the parent company.

• SPVs can issue bonds or other securities backed by the assets they hold, allowing investors to invest in a divers...read more

Hedge funds and mutual funds are investment vehicles that pool money from multiple investors to invest in various assets.

• Hedge funds are typically only available to accredited investors and use more complex investment strategies, such as short selling and derivatives, to potentially generate higher returns.

• Mutual funds are open to all investors and typically invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other assets.

• Both hedge funds and mutual funds charge fees for ...read more

Heap is a region of memory used for dynamic memory allocation.

• Heap is managed by the operating system or runtime environment.

• It allows for allocation and deallocation of memory at runtime.

• Heap can become fragmented over time, leading to performance issues.

• Examples include malloc() and new() in C++.

Capital market is a financial market where long-term securities are traded. KYC is a process of verifying customer identity. CDD is a process of assessing customer risk.

• Capital market is a market where companies and governments raise long-term funds through the issuance of securities.

• KYC (Know Your Customer) is a process of verifying the identity of a customer to prevent fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing.

• CDD (Customer Due Diligence) is a process of assessing th...read more

Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features to the user.

• Abstraction in real life: A car dashboard hides the internal workings of the car and only displays necessary information like speed, fuel level, and temperature.

• Abstraction in code: Using abstract classes or interfaces in object-oriented programming to define a blueprint for classes to implement.

• Example code: abstract class Shape { abstract void draw(); } cl...read more

NAV cycle involves sub/redemption bookings, pricing, accruals, and reconciliation before sending NAV to clients.

• Subscriptions and redemptions are booked and processed

• Pricing is done based on the valuation of assets

• Accruals are calculated for income and expenses

• Reconciliation is done to ensure accuracy

• NAV is then sent to clients

Trial balance is a list of all general ledger accounts with their respective debit or credit balances, while balance sheet is a financial statement that shows a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time.

• Trial balance is a working paper that helps in preparing financial statements, including the balance sheet.

• Trial balance lists all accounts and their balances, while balance sheet summarizes the financial position of a company.

• Trial ba...read more

Given an array, find a pair with sum = k.

• Use a hash table to store the difference between k and each element in the array.

• Iterate through the array and check if the current element is present in the hash table.

• If it is present, return the pair of elements that add up to k.

Jet Airways

• Jet Airways, once India's largest private airline, filed for bankruptcy in April 2019

• The airline had accumulated a debt of over Rs 8,000 crore

• Jet Airways had to ground all its flights and lay off thousands of employees

DFC is a valuation method that estimates the intrinsic value of a stock based on future cash flows. Dividend discount model values a stock based on its future dividend payments.

• DFC involves projecting future cash flows and discounting them back to their present value

• Dividend discount model values a stock based on the present value of its future dividend payments

• Both methods are used to determine the intrinsic value of a stock

• DFC is more commonly used for companies that do not...read more

Incentive fees are calculated based on a percentage of the profits earned by the investment manager.

• Incentive fees are typically calculated as a percentage of the profits earned by the investment manager

• The percentage charged can vary depending on the terms of the agreement between the investment manager and the client

• For example, if the investment manager earns a profit of $100,000 and the agreed-upon incentive fee is 20%, the fee would be $20,000

• Incentive fees are often use...read more

I would prioritize the backups to ensure data integrity and work with fund accounting to find a solution.

• Communicate with fund accounting to understand the reason for the delay

• Prioritize critical backups to ensure data integrity

• Work with the team to find a solution that minimizes delays in preparing financials

Use a loop to iterate through each word in the string and extract the first character of each word.

• Split the string into an array of words using a space as the delimiter

• Iterate through each word in the array and extract the first character of each word

• Store the first characters in a new array

List comprehension to find even numbers from 0 to 11

• Use list comprehension with condition for even numbers

• Syntax: [x for x in range(12) if x % 2 == 0]

• Example: ['0', '2', '4', '6', '8', '10']

The capital market is a financial market where individuals and institutions trade financial securities.

• It facilitates the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, and other long-term investments.

• It provides a platform for companies to raise capital by issuing stocks or bonds.

• Investors can earn returns through capital appreciation or dividends.

• Examples of capital market institutions include stock exchanges, investment banks, and mutual funds.

If security deposit is not working, Nasdaq will take appropriate actions to rectify the issue and ensure the security of the transactions.

• Nasdaq will investigate the issue to determine the root cause of the problem.

• They will communicate with the parties involved to address the issue and find a solution.

• Nasdaq may implement alternative security measures to ensure the safety of transactions.

• If necessary, Nasdaq will escalate the issue to higher authorities for resolution.

Secure access to page in Angular can be implemented using route guards.

• Route guards can be used to restrict access to certain pages based on user authentication and authorization.

• AuthGuard can be used to check if the user is authenticated before allowing access to a page.

• RoleGuard can be used to check if the user has the necessary role to access a page.

• CanActivateChild can be used to restrict access to child routes.

• CanDeactivate can be used to prevent navigation away from a p...read more

Bond prices and yields have an inverse relationship.

• When bond prices go up, yields go down and vice versa.

• This is because the yield is the return an investor receives on their investment, while the bond price is the amount they pay for the bond.

• For example, if a bond has a face value of $1000 and a yield of 5%, the investor would receive $50 per year in interest. If the bond price goes up to $1100, the yield would decrease to 4.55% ($50/$1100).

• Conversely, if the bond price go...read more

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. Types include compile-time, runtime, and ad-hoc polymorphism.

• Compile-time polymorphism is achieved through function overloading and templates.

• Runtime polymorphism is achieved through inheritance and virtual functions.

• Ad-hoc polymorphism is achieved through operator overloading and function templates.

• Polymorphism allows for code reusability and flexibility in object-oriented programming.

• Example: A shape class with...read more

Addressing mode is a technique used in computer architecture to specify how to calculate the effective address of an operand.

• Addressing mode determines how the CPU accesses data from memory

• Types of addressing modes include direct, indirect, indexed, and register

• Examples: direct addressing mode - MOV A, 1000H, indirect addressing mode - MOV A, [BX], indexed addressing mode - MOV A, [BX+SI], register addressing mode - MOV A, BX

Financial markets are platforms where buyers and sellers trade financial assets such as stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies.

• Financial markets provide liquidity for investors to buy and sell assets.

• They can be categorized into primary markets (newly issued securities) and secondary markets (existing securities).

• Examples include stock exchanges like the NYSE and NASDAQ, bond markets, and foreign exchange markets.

• Market participants include individual investors, instituti...read more

Contributed to open source communities by developing and maintaining projects.

• Developed and maintained a Python package for data analysis and visualization

• Contributed to a popular JavaScript library by fixing bugs and adding new features

• Participated in open source hackathons and contributed to various projects

• Provided support and guidance to new contributors in the community

Types of Corp actions include dividends, stock splits, mergers, acquisitions, and spin-offs. Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders from its profits.

• Types of Corp actions: dividends, stock splits, mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs

• Dividend is a payment made by a company to its shareholders from its profits

• Impact of dividend on NAV: NAV decreases by the amount of dividend paid

• Previous job working overview: Provide details of your previous job responsibiliti...read more

Different types of waits in Selenium include Implicit Wait, Explicit Wait, Fluent Wait, and Page Load Timeout.

• Implicit Wait: Waits for a certain amount of time before throwing a No Such Element Exception.

• Explicit Wait: Waits for a certain condition to occur before proceeding further in the code.

• Fluent Wait: Waits for a condition to be true with a specified polling frequency.

• Page Load Timeout: Waits for the entire page to load before moving to the next step.

Bond price is calculated based on the present value of future cash flows.

• Bond price is affected by interest rates, credit rating, and time to maturity.

• The present value of future cash flows is calculated using a discount rate.

• Bond prices move inversely to interest rates.

• For example, if a bond has a face value of $1000, a coupon rate of 5%, and a maturity of 10 years, the bond price would be calculated as the present value of the future cash flows, which would be discounted us...read more

Forwards and futures are both contracts to buy or sell an asset at a future date, but differ in their details.

• Forwards are customizable and traded over-the-counter, while futures are standardized and traded on exchanges.

• Forwards have credit risk, while futures have margin requirements.

• Forwards have no daily settlement, while futures do.

• Examples of forwards include currency forwards and commodity forwards, while examples of futures include stock index futures and Treasury bond...read more

Collateralized loan obligation (CLO) is a type of structured asset-backed security. As a Senior Analyst, my day-to-day activities would involve analyzing and monitoring the performance of CLOs.

• Analyze and monitor the performance of CLOs

• Assess the creditworthiness of the underlying loans

• Evaluate the risk associated with the CLOs

• Create financial models to project cash flows

• Prepare reports and presentations for clients and senior management

A website URL is a unique address that identifies a web page on the internet.

• URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator

• It consists of a protocol (http/https), domain name, and path

• The domain name is translated to an IP address using DNS

• The path specifies the location of the resource on the server

• Example: https://www.google.com/search?q=url

Growth refers to the process of development and improvement over time.

• Growth can be personal, professional, or organizational.

• It involves learning new skills, gaining experience, and expanding one's knowledge.

• Examples include career advancement, skill development, and business expansion.

Hedge funds are pools of capital managed aggressively while private equity invests in private companies with the aim of improving their operations.

• Hedge funds are more actively managed and use a variety of investment strategies to generate high returns.

• Private equity firms invest in private companies with the aim of improving their operations and then selling them for a profit.

• Hedge funds are typically open to a wider range of investors, while private equity is usually only a...read more

Derivatives are financial contracts that derive their value from an underlying asset or security. Nominal account is a type of account used in accounting.

• Derivatives can be used for hedging or speculation

• Examples of derivatives include futures, options, and swaps

• Nominal accounts are used to record expenses and revenues in accounting

• Nominal accounts are also known as temporary accounts

Hashing is a process of converting data into a fixed-size output using a mathematical function.

• Hashing is used for data integrity and security purposes.

• Hash functions are one-way functions, meaning it is difficult to reverse engineer the original data from the hash value.

• Hashing is used in password storage, digital signatures, and data comparison.

• Examples of hash functions include MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256.

Corporate Action refers to events initiated by a publicly traded company that impacts its shareholders, such as dividends, stock splits, mergers, etc. Capital markets are where securities are bought and sold. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from an underlying asset. Mutual funds are investment vehicles that pool money from multiple investors to invest in securities. Accruals are adjustments made to financial statements to reflect revenues and expe...read more

Find max continous sub array with unique elements in an array

• Use sliding window approach

• Keep track of unique elements in the window

• Update max length when a duplicate element is found

NAV is Net Asset Value, expenses are costs incurred by a fund, CFD is Contract for Difference, Corporate Action refers to events that impact a company's securities.

• NAV is the value of a fund's assets minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding.

• Expenses in a fund include management fees, administrative costs, and other operational expenses.

• CFD is a financial derivative that allows traders to speculate on the price movements of an asset without owning the...read more

My current assignment involves analyzing business processes and identifying areas for improvement.

• Conducting interviews with stakeholders to understand current processes

• Analyzing data to identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies

• Developing recommendations for process improvements

• Collaborating with cross-functional teams to implement changes

• Monitoring and measuring the impact of process improvements

The most difficult accounting situation I handled was resolving a complex financial discrepancy in a multinational company.

• Identifying and reconciling discrepancies in financial records

• Coordinating with multiple departments and stakeholders

• Analyzing large volumes of data to identify the root cause

• Implementing corrective measures to prevent future discrepancies

• Ensuring compliance with accounting standards and regulations

Java Stream is a sequence of elements supporting functional-style operations. Functional Interfaces are interfaces with only one abstract method.

• Java Stream is used to perform operations on collections of objects.

• Functional Interfaces are used to implement lambda expressions.

• Stream API provides a set of functional interfaces such as Predicate, Consumer, Function, and Supplier.

• Example: Stream stream = Arrays.stream(new Integer[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});

• Example: Functional Interface - ...read more

Program in Java to count duplicate characters in a string

• Create a HashMap to store characters and their counts

• Iterate through the string and update the counts in the HashMap

• Finally, iterate through the HashMap and count characters with count > 1

Use case and user story are both techniques used in software development to capture requirements from end-users.

• Use case is a technique used to capture functional requirements of a system from the perspective of an end-user.

• User story is a technique used to capture the needs of an end-user in a simple and concise manner.

• Use case describes the interactions between the system and its users, while user story describes the user's goal and the benefit they expect to receive.

• Use ca...read more

Fund structures in private equity refer to the legal and organizational frameworks used to pool and manage capital for investment purposes.

• Private equity funds are typically structured as limited partnerships or limited liability companies (LLCs).

• Limited partners (LPs) are passive investors who contribute capital to the fund and have limited liability.

• General partners (GPs) are responsible for managing the fund's investments and operations.

• GPs typically contribute a smaller p...read more

Equity markets are where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold.

• Equity markets provide a platform for companies to raise capital by selling shares to investors.

• Investors can buy and sell shares of publicly traded companies through stock exchanges like NYSE and NASDAQ.

• Prices of shares in equity markets are determined by supply and demand, as well as company performance and economic factors.

Instruments information is loaded by extracting data from various sources and importing it into a centralized database.

• Extract data from external sources such as spreadsheets, databases, APIs, etc.

• Transform the data into a standardized format suitable for the database.

• Load the transformed data into the database using ETL tools or scripts.

• Verify the accuracy and completeness of the loaded information.

• Update the database regularly to ensure the information is up-to-date.

TWRR is better for measuring the performance of a portfolio over time, while MWRR is better for comparing the performance of different portfolios.

• TWRR (Time-Weighted Rate of Return) is better for evaluating the performance of a portfolio over time as it eliminates the impact of external cash flows.

• MWRR (Money-Weighted Rate of Return) is better for comparing the performance of different portfolios or investment options as it considers the timing and amount of cash flows.

• TWRR i...read more

White Box testing is a software testing technique that examines the internal structure and implementation of the system.

• White Box testing is also known as Clear Box testing, Glass Box testing, or Structural testing.

• It involves testing the code, logic paths, and internal components of the software.

• Test cases are designed based on the knowledge of the internal structure of the system.

• It helps in identifying errors, code coverage, and optimizing code performance.

• Examples of whit...read more

I have worked on various projects including a web application for a retail company and a mobile app for a fitness startup.

• Developed a web application using React and Node.js for a retail company to manage their inventory and sales.

• Created a mobile app using React Native for a fitness startup to track workouts and progress.

• Collaborated with a team to build a chatbot using Dialogflow and Node.js for a healthcare company.

• Implemented a RESTful API using Express.js and MongoDB for...read more

Attribution is the process of identifying the source or cause of something.

• It involves determining who or what is responsible for a particular event or outcome.

• In marketing, attribution refers to identifying which marketing channels or campaigns led to a conversion or sale.

• In journalism, attribution involves giving credit to sources of information used in a news story.

• Attribution theory is a psychological framework for understanding how people assign causes to events.

• Proper a...read more

Capital market is where long-term securities are bought and sold, while money market is where short-term securities are traded.

• Capital market deals with long-term securities like stocks and bonds

• Money market deals with short-term securities like treasury bills and commercial paper

• Capital market helps in raising long-term funds for businesses and governments

• Money market provides short-term liquidity to financial institutions and corporations

Logistic Regression is a statistical method used to predict the probability of a binary outcome based on one or more predictor variables.

• Logistic Regression is used when the dependent variable is binary (e.g. 0 or 1, Yes or No).

• It estimates the probability that a given outcome is true based on input variables.

• It uses a logistic function to model the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables.

• One use case of Logistic Regression is predicting whether ...read more

IRR stands for Internal Rate of Return. It is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of an investment.

• IRR is the discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of cash flows from an investment equal to zero.

• It is used to assess the potential return of an investment and compare it with other investment opportunities.

• IRR takes into account the timing and amount of cash flows generated by an investment.

• To calculate IRR, you need to know the initial investmen...read more

Swift is a messaging network used for secure and efficient financial transactions. A custodian is a financial institution that holds and safeguards assets for clients.

• Swift is a messaging network used by banks and financial institutions to securely and quickly send information and instructions for financial transactions.

• Custodian refers to a financial institution or entity that holds and safeguards assets on behalf of clients, ensuring their security and proper management.

• Exa...read more

Embedded options are features in financial instruments that allow the holder to take certain actions at specific times.

• Embedded options are commonly found in bonds, mortgages, and other debt instruments.

• They can include call options, put options, and convertible options.

• Call options allow the holder to buy the underlying asset at a specific price, while put options allow the holder to sell the underlying asset at a specific price.

• Convertible options allow the holder to conver...read more

A palindrome of a string is a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of characters that reads the same forward and backward.

• Check if the string is equal to its reverse to determine if it is a palindrome.

• Ignore spaces and punctuation when checking for palindromes.

• Examples: 'racecar', 'madam', 'A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!'

Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time.

• Start from the second element and compare it with the elements before it, moving elements to the right until finding the correct position.

• Repeat this process for each element in the array until the entire array is sorted.

• Example: For an array ['3', '1', '4', '1', '5', '9', '2', '6'], the insertion sort steps would be: ['1', '3', '4', '1', '5', '9', '2', '6'] -> ['1', '1', '3', '...read more

Angular uses various techniques for communication between components.

• Input and Output decorators for parent-child communication

• EventEmitter for custom events

• Services for sharing data between unrelated components

• RxJS for reactive programming and observables

• ViewChild and ContentChild for accessing child components

Java is platform-independent, object-oriented language while C++ is platform-dependent, procedural language.

• Java is platform-independent, meaning it can run on any platform with the help of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

• C++ is platform-dependent, meaning the code needs to be compiled separately for each platform

• Java is an object-oriented language with features like inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism

• C++ is a procedural language with support for object-oriented programmin...read more

Stock split is when a company divides its existing shares into multiple shares, while reverse split is when a company combines existing shares into fewer shares.

• Stock split increases the number of shares outstanding, but decreases the price per share.

• Reverse split decreases the number of shares outstanding, but increases the price per share.

• Stock split is usually done to make shares more affordable for investors, while reverse split is done to increase the share price.

• Example...read more

TCP is a transport layer protocol while OSI is a reference model for network communication.

• TCP is a protocol responsible for establishing and maintaining a connection between two devices.

• OSI is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers.

• TCP operates at the transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model.

• OSI model includes layers like physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, ...read more

Defect is a deviation from requirements while Bug is a coding error.

• Defect is a problem in the software that does not meet the requirements or specifications.

• Bug is a coding error that causes an unexpected result or behavior in the software.

• Defects are caused by incomplete or incorrect requirements, design flaws, or miscommunication.

• Bugs are caused by mistakes in the code, such as syntax errors or logical errors.

• Defects can be identified through testing, while bugs are usuall...read more

Counterparty credit risk is the risk of loss due to a counterparty's failure to meet its financial obligations.

• It is the risk that a counterparty will default on a financial obligation

• It is a type of credit risk that arises from the potential that the counterparty will not fulfill its contractual obligations

• It can be mitigated through credit analysis and risk management techniques

• Examples include the risk of a borrower defaulting on a loan or a company failing to pay its supp...read more

Shares and bonds are types of investments. Shares represent ownership in a company, while bonds are debt securities issued by governments or corporations.

• Shares represent ownership in a company, giving the shareholder voting rights and potential dividends.

• Bonds are debt securities issued by governments or corporations, where the issuer promises to repay the bondholder the principal amount plus interest at a specified date.

• Shares are considered riskier but offer higher potenti...read more

Corporate action refers to events initiated by a public company that impact its shareholders and securities.

• Types of corporate actions include dividends, stock splits, mergers and acquisitions, rights issues, and bonus issues.

• Dividends are payments made to shareholders from a company's profits.

• Stock splits involve dividing existing shares into multiple shares to lower the share price.

• Mergers and acquisitions are when two companies combine or one company takes over another.

• Rig...read more