AADYAH AEROSPACE Hardware Design Engineer Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

An instrumentation amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has high input impedance and gain.

• Consists of three operational amplifiers

• Provides high input impedance and gain

• Used in applications requiring precise and accurate measurements, such as in medical devices

A voltage follower circuit is a circuit that produces an output voltage that is equal to the input voltage.

• It has a high input impedance and low output impedance.

• It is used to isolate the input from the output.

• It provides unity gain, meaning the output voltage follows the input voltage.

• Example: Op-amp voltage follower circuit.

Analog filters process continuous signals while digital filters process discrete signals.

• Analog filters operate on continuous-time signals while digital filters operate on discrete-time signals

• Analog filters use analog components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors while digital filters use digital processing algorithms

• Analog filters are susceptible to noise and drift while digital filters are more immune to thes...read more

A snubber is a circuit used to suppress voltage spikes in electrical circuits, while a bleeder is used to discharge stored energy in capacitors.

• Snubber circuits are commonly used in power electronics to protect semiconductor devices from voltage spikes.

• Bleeder resistors are used in capacitors to discharge any stored energy when the power is turned off.

• Snubbers can be passive (resistor-capacitor) or active (using diodes...read more

Voltage regulators are electronic devices that maintain a constant voltage level in a circuit.

• Linear voltage regulators: simple, low cost, but less efficient

• Switching voltage regulators: more complex, higher efficiency, used in power supplies

• LDO (Low Dropout) regulators: maintain a constant output voltage even when the input voltage is very close to the output voltage

• Programmable voltage regulators: allow the output vo...read more

Analog electronics filter design involves designing circuits that pass desired frequencies while attenuating others.

• Understand the specifications of the filter such as cutoff frequency, passband ripple, stopband attenuation, etc.

• Select the appropriate filter topology based on the requirements (e.g. Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel).

• Calculate component values using filter design equations or simulation tools like SPICE.

• Pr...read more

ARM Cortex-M series microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems for IoT devices, wearables, and industrial applications.

• ARM Cortex-M0/M0+/M1: used in low-power applications like wearables and IoT devices

• ARM Cortex-M3: used in industrial automation and automotive applications

• ARM Cortex-M4/M7: used in high-performance applications like robotics and drones

Butterfly algorithm in DSP is a method used for fast Fourier transform (FFT) computations by reducing the number of operations required.

• Butterfly algorithm is commonly used in FFT computations to reduce the number of operations needed.

• It involves breaking down the FFT computation into smaller sub-problems and combining the results in a specific way.

• The algorithm gets its name from the shape of the data flow diagram, wh...read more

Instruments used for precise measurements include calipers, micrometers, rulers, and tape measures.

• Calipers are used for measuring the distance between two opposite sides of an object.

• Micrometers are used for measuring very small distances or thicknesses.

• Rulers are used for measuring straight lengths.

• Tape measures are flexible rulers used for measuring longer distances.

• Other instruments like laser distance meters and d...read more

Major project in Btech was designing a smart irrigation system using IoT technology. Minor project in Mtech was developing a low-power sensor for environmental monitoring.

• Btech major project: designing a smart irrigation system using IoT technology

• Mtech minor project: developing a low-power sensor for environmental monitoring