20+ R&D Trainee Interview Questions and Answers

Spectroscopy is the study of interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It has various tools to analyze different properties of matter.

• Spectrophotometry measures the absorption and transmission of light by a substance

• Fluorescence spectroscopy measures the fluorescence emitted by a substance when excited by light

• Raman spectroscopy measures the scattered light from a substance to determine its vibrational modes

• X-ray spectroscopy measures the energy of X-rays abso...read more

The Beckmann reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the conversion of an oxime into an amide.

• The reaction is typically carried out using acid catalysts, such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.

• The reaction proceeds through a rearrangement of the oxime to form an isocyanate intermediate, which then reacts with water to form the amide.

• The Beckmann reaction is commonly used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds.

• For example, the reaction can be...read more

The Fall Armyworm originated in the Americas and has spread to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, causing significant damage to crops.

• Fall Armyworm originated in the Americas and has spread to Africa, Asia, and Oceania

• It destroys crops such as maize, rice, sorghum, and sugarcane

• It is a major threat to food security and agricultural production globally

Validation of laminar air flow and autoclave ensures their effectiveness in maintaining sterile environments.

• Validation of laminar air flow involves testing air velocity, particle count, and airflow pattern to ensure proper functioning.

• Validation of autoclave involves testing temperature, pressure, and time parameters to ensure proper sterilization of equipment.

• Validation protocols typically include performance qualification (PQ), installation qualification (IQ), and operatio...read more

Hepa filters come in various sizes depending on the application, ranging from small portable units to large industrial systems.

• Hepa filters can range in size from small portable units for personal use to large industrial systems for commercial buildings.

• Common sizes for residential HEPA filters are 16x20 inches, 20x25 inches, and 24x24 inches.

• Industrial HEPA filters can be much larger, with some reaching sizes of 24x48 inches or even larger.

• The size of HEPA filters is typical...read more

Cyclic voltammetry is an electrochemical technique used to study the redox properties of a molecule or material.

• Involves applying a potential to a sample and measuring the resulting current

• The potential is varied in a cyclic manner to obtain information about the redox properties

• Can be used to determine the oxidation state of a molecule or the electrochemical behavior of a material

• Commonly used in battery research and corrosion studies

Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate bacteria into two groups based on their cell wall composition.

• Prepare a bacterial smear on a slide and heat fix it

• Cover the smear with crystal violet stain for 1 minute

• Rinse with water and cover with iodine solution for 1 minute

• Decolorize with alcohol briefly and rinse with water

• Counterstain with safranin for 1 minute

• Observe under a microscope - Gram-positive bacteria will appear purple, while Gram-negative bacteria wi...read more

Pinacol-pinacolon reaction is a type of organic reaction that involves the conversion of a pinacol to a pinacolone.

• In this reaction, a carbon-carbon bond is broken and a new carbonyl group is formed.

• The reaction is catalyzed by an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.

• The reaction mechanism involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate.

• The pinacol-pinacolon reaction is an important reaction in organic chemistry and is used in the synthesis of various...read more

Efficiency refers to the ability to perform a task with minimum waste of time, energy, and resources. Motor ratings indicate the power output of a motor.

• Efficiency is the ratio of output to input

• It is important to consider efficiency when selecting motors for a specific application

• Motor ratings indicate the power output of a motor, usually in horsepower or kilowatts

• Higher motor ratings generally indicate higher efficiency

• Efficiency can be improved through proper maintenance a...read more

Staining methods are techniques used to highlight specific structures or components in a sample for better visualization under a microscope.

• Different staining methods include simple staining, differential staining, and special staining techniques.

• Simple staining involves using a single dye to color all cells the same color, making them easier to see.

• Differential staining differentiates between different types of bacteria or structures based on their reaction to multiple dyes....read more

Dissolution time for enteric coated tablet is the time it takes for the tablet to break down and release its contents in the intestines.

• Enteric coated tablets are designed to resist the acidic environment of the stomach and dissolve in the alkaline environment of the intestines.

• Factors affecting dissolution time include pH of the environment, coating thickness, and composition of the tablet.

• Dissolution time can be measured using dissolution testing equipment.

• Example: Enteric ...read more

Maximum power can be found by optimizing the load resistance of a circuit.

• Calculate the voltage and current of the circuit.

• Use Ohm's law to find the power for different values of load resistance.

• Plot the power vs load resistance graph and find the maximum point.

• Adjust the load resistance to match the maximum power point.

• Use a power meter to measure the maximum power output.

Urea consists of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.

• Urea is a compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2.

• It is a waste product formed in the liver when proteins are metabolized.

• Urea is commonly found in urine and is used in fertilizers, skincare products, and certain medications.

A weak acid is an acid that only partially dissociates in water, resulting in a lower concentration of hydrogen ions.

• Weak acids have a pH value greater than 3.5

• They have a lower degree of ionization compared to strong acids

• Examples of weak acids include acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid (lemons), and carbonic acid (soda)

Oxidation reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons by a substance.

• It is a process in which a substance combines with oxygen or loses hydrogen.

• It results in an increase in the oxidation state of the substance.

• Examples include rusting of iron, combustion of fuels, and metabolism of food in the body.

• It is the opposite of reduction reaction.

• It is important in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and industry.

The number of tablets in solid form depends on the specific medication and dosage prescribed.

• The number of tablets can vary based on the strength of the medication and the frequency of dosing.

• For example, a prescription may require taking 1 tablet twice a day, totaling 2 tablets daily.

• It is important to follow the instructions provided by the healthcare provider or pharmacist.

• The number of tablets may also be influenced by the duration of treatment.

A strong acid is a chemical compound that completely dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions.

• Strong acids have a pH less than 3

• They are highly reactive and corrosive

• Examples include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid

A basic reagent is a substance used in chemical reactions to detect, measure, or produce other substances.

• Basic reagents are typically alkaline in nature and help neutralize acids in reactions

• Examples include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and ammonia

• They are commonly used in titrations and other analytical chemistry techniques

Jishu hosion is a Japanese term that refers to continuous improvement or striving for perfection.

• Jishu hosion is a concept commonly associated with the Toyota Production System.

• It involves constantly seeking ways to improve processes, products, and services.

• Examples include implementing small changes to increase efficiency, reduce waste, and enhance quality.

Tablet coating disintegration time is the time taken for the coating of a tablet to break down in a specific medium.

• Tablet coating disintegration time is an important parameter in pharmaceutical formulation development.

• It can be influenced by factors such as coating thickness, composition, and method of application.

• Different coating materials may have different disintegration times.

• The disintegration time can be measured using various methods such as disintegration testers or...read more

Thermodynamics law is applied to study energy transfer and conversion in various systems.

• Thermodynamics law helps in understanding how energy flows in a system.

• It is used to analyze heat engines, refrigerators, and chemical reactions.

• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.

• The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

• Thermodynamics is crucial i...read more

Blood composition refers to the different components present in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

• Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the body.

• White blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight infections.

• Platelets are involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

• Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste product...read more

Grognard reagent is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis for the protection of alcohols.

• Grognard reagent is commonly used in organic chemistry for the protection of alcohols by forming alkoxides.

• It is often used in reactions where selective protection of hydroxyl groups is required.

• Examples of grognard reagents include tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMS-Cl) and trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl).

A bridge rectifier is a type of full-wave rectifier circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).

• Consists of four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration

• Allows both halves of the AC waveform to be converted to DC

• Produces a smoother output compared to a half-wave rectifier

• Commonly used in power supplies and battery chargers

SMPS stands for Switched Mode Power Supply, a type of power supply that uses switching devices to convert electrical power efficiently.

• SMPS is more efficient than traditional linear power supplies.

• It uses high-frequency switching to regulate the output voltage.

• Common examples include laptop chargers and desktop computer power supplies.