80+ Apprentice Trainee Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.

• Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material without any movement of the material itself.

• Convection is the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) due to the movement of the fluid.

• Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

• Performance curve of a pump shows the relationship between the flow rate and head (pressure) generated by the pump.

• Priming is the process of...read more

Earthing is the process of connecting electrical systems to the ground to prevent electrical shock and protect against electrical faults.

• Earthing is also known as grounding.

• It involves connecting the electrical system to the earth using conductive materials.

• Earthing provides a path for the flow of excess electrical current to the ground.

• It helps in preventing electrical shock by diverting the current away from the user.

• Earthing also protects electrical equipment and buildings...read more

Thermodynamics deals with energy transfer in a system while heat transfer operations focus on the transfer of heat from one body to another.

• Thermodynamics is concerned with the study of energy and its transformation from one form to another.

• Heat transfer operations deal with the transfer of heat from one body to another.

• Thermodynamics is a theoretical concept while heat transfer operations are practical applications of thermodynamics.

• Thermodynamics involves the study of therm...read more

Aerodynamics is the study of how air flows around objects. Airplanes use jet engines, propeller engines, and military fighter jets use afterburning turbofan engines.

• Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of air and the interaction between air and solid bodies moving through it.

• Airplanes typically use jet engines, which are powered by the combustion of fuel and air to produce thrust.

• Propeller engines are also used in some airplanes, where the propeller is turned by a piston o...read more

Stratified sample analysis helps ensure representative sampling, while content uniformity test ensures consistency of active ingredients in a sample.

• Stratified sample analysis involves dividing a population into subgroups based on certain characteristics before sampling.

• Content uniformity test is used to ensure that the amount of active ingredient in each dosage unit is consistent.

• Both techniques are important in quality control to ensure the reliability and accuracy of test ...read more

Typically, three batches are performed in the pharmaceutical industry before the commercial batch.

• Typically, the first batch is the pilot batch, followed by the validation batch, and then the commercial batch.

• The pilot batch is used to test the manufacturing process on a small scale before scaling up for commercial production.

• The validation batch is used to ensure that the manufacturing process consistently produces a product that meets quality standards.

• Once the pilot and va...read more

Parameters used in dry granulation and reasons for its use.

• Parameters include particle size, shape, and density of the powder material.

• Reasons for dry granulation include avoiding use of solvents, improving flow properties, and enhancing compressibility.

• Examples of dry granulation methods are slugging and roller compaction.

There are three main types of stability tests in pharma: accelerated stability testing, long-term stability testing, and intermediate stability testing.

• Accelerated stability testing: conducted at higher temperatures to predict the stability of a drug over a shorter period of time.

• Long-term stability testing: conducted at recommended storage conditions to assess the stability of a drug over its entire shelf life.

• Intermediate stability testing: conducted at intermediate conditi...read more

A medical representative is responsible for promoting and selling pharmaceutical products to healthcare professionals.

• Building and maintaining relationships with healthcare professionals

• Providing information about pharmaceutical products

• Organizing and attending medical conferences and events

• Meeting sales targets

• Reporting on market trends and competitor activities

The capillary tube is a component in the refrigeration cycle that helps regulate the flow of refrigerant.

• The capillary tube is a small, narrow tube made of copper or aluminum.

• It is located between the condenser and the evaporator in the refrigeration system.

• Its main function is to restrict the flow of high-pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser to the low-pressure evaporator.

• By creating a pressure drop, the capillary tube allows the refrigerant to expand and evaporate...read more

Parameters used in tablet manufacturing include formulation, compression force, tablet hardness, disintegration time, and friability.

• Formulation - ingredients used in the tablet

• Compression force - pressure applied during tablet compression

• Tablet hardness - resistance to breaking

• Disintegration time - time taken for tablet to break down in the body

• Friability - tendency of tablet to break or crumble

HPLC and GC detectors differ in their principles of detection and types of analytes they can detect.

• HPLC detectors use UV-Vis, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection to analyze liquid samples.

• GC detectors use thermal conductivity, flame ionization, or mass spectrometry to analyze gas samples.

• HPLC is used for analyzing polar and non-volatile compounds, while GC is used for analyzing volatile compounds.

• HPLC detectors are more sensitive than GC detectors.

• Both detectors have ...read more

RCPA is a medical term for a pathology report. POB stands for Place of Birth. Primary sale is the first sale of a product, while secondary sale is the subsequent sale.

• RCPA is a detailed report of a pathology test that includes the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment recommendations.

• POB refers to the location where a person was born.

• Primary sale is the initial sale of a product from the manufacturer to the distributor or retailer.

• Secondary sale is the sale of the product from ...read more

Distillation is a process of separating components of a liquid mixture based on differences in boiling points.

• Distillation involves heating a liquid mixture to create vapor, then cooling the vapor to collect the separated components.

• Relative volatility is a measure of how easily one component of a mixture can be separated from another using distillation.

• Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor at a given pressure.

• Entropy is a measure of the disord...read more

The engine works on two main types of cycles - Otto cycle and Diesel cycle.

• Otto cycle: used in gasoline engines, consists of four processes - isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection.

• Diesel cycle: used in diesel engines, consists of four processes - isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection.

ER/IR dissolution acceptance criteria refers to the standards used to determine the dissolution rate of extended-release and immediate-release pharmaceutical products.

• ER/IR dissolution acceptance criteria are set by regulatory agencies to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the drug.

• For example, the FDA may require that a certain percentage of the active ingredient is released within a specific time frame for the drug to be considered acceptable.

• Acceptance criteria may var...read more

Communicate openly, respectfully, and professionally with all associates to build positive relationships.

• Listen actively to understand others' perspectives

• Use clear and concise language

• Show empathy and respect towards others

• Be open to feedback and constructive criticism

• Maintain a positive attitude and approachable demeanor

• Avoid gossip or negative talk about colleagues

• Seek common ground and find ways to collaborate effectively

Excipients are inactive substances added to a drug to serve as a carrier or aid in the manufacturing process.

• There are several types of excipients including fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, and preservatives.

• Fillers add bulk to the formulation and ensure accurate dosing.

• Binders help hold the active ingredients together in a tablet or capsule.

• Disintegrants promote the breakup of the tablet or capsule in the digestive tract for absorption.

• Lubricants prevent ingredie...read more

Coating in tablets refers to a layer applied to the tablet for various purposes such as taste masking, protection, or controlled release of the drug.

• Coating helps in masking the taste of the drug, making it easier for patients to consume.

• It provides protection to the drug from environmental factors such as moisture and light.

• Coating can also be used for controlled release of the drug, ensuring a sustained effect over time.

• Parameters for coating include thickness, uniformity, ...read more

Fuse and MCB are both electrical protection devices, but they differ in their operation and resetability.

• Fuse is a one-time use device that melts when excessive current flows through it, breaking the circuit and protecting the electrical system.

• MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) is a resettable device that trips and opens the circuit when excessive current is detected, but can be easily reset after the fault is resolved.

• Fuses need to be replaced after they blow, while MCBs can b...read more

The direct current frequency in India is 50 Hz.

• The direct current frequency in India is standardized at 50 Hz.

• This frequency is used for various electrical appliances and systems in the country.

• It is important for the efficient functioning of electrical devices and power grids.

• The frequency is maintained by the national power grid and distribution companies.

• It is different from alternating current (AC) frequency, which is also 50 Hz in India.

Electrical switches and gear are devices used to control the flow of electricity in a circuit.

• Electrical switches are devices that interrupt or divert the flow of electricity in a circuit.

• Gear refers to the equipment used to support and protect electrical components, such as circuit breakers and fuses.

• Examples of electrical switches include toggle switches, rocker switches, and push-button switches.

• Examples of electrical gear include circuit breakers, fuses, and junction boxe...read more

The refrigeration cycle is a process that removes heat from a space and transfers it to the external environment.

• The cycle consists of four main components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.

• The compressor compresses the refrigerant gas, raising its temperature and pressure.

• The high-pressure gas then flows into the condenser, where it releases heat and condenses into a high-pressure liquid.

• The liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, which r...read more

Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy while generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Buck converter steps down voltage while boost converter steps up voltage.

• Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy while generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

• Motor has a rotor and a stator while generator has a stator and a rotor

• Buck converter steps down voltage while boost converter steps up voltage

• Buck converter is us...read more

Geological marble refers to a type of metamorphic rock that is composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals.

• Geological marble is formed from the metamorphism of limestone or dolomite rocks.

• It is characterized by its distinctive veining patterns and wide range of colors.

• Marble is commonly used in construction, sculpture, and decorative purposes.

• Famous examples of geological marble include the Taj Mahal in India and the Parthenon in Greece.

CPP stands for Critical Process Parameters and CQA stands for Critical Quality Attributes of tablets.

• CPP are the key variables that must be controlled to ensure the tablet manufacturing process is successful.

• CQA are the characteristics that are critical to the quality of the tablet and must be monitored and controlled.

• Examples of CPP include mixing time, compression force, and drying temperature.

• Examples of CQA include tablet hardness, dissolution rate, and content uniformity...read more

I am an enthusiastic and hardworking individual with a passion for learning and growing in my career.

• I have completed my education in the relevant field and am eager to apply my knowledge in a practical setting.

• I am a quick learner and am always willing to take on new challenges.

• I am a team player and enjoy collaborating with others to achieve common goals.

• I am detail-oriented and take pride in producing high-quality work.

• I am excited about the opportunity to work as an appre...read more

Valves control the flow of fluids in a system, while flowmeters measure the rate of flow.

• Valves: gate valve, ball valve, globe valve, butterfly valve

• Flowmeters: turbine flowmeter, electromagnetic flowmeter, ultrasonic flowmeter

• Valves control the flow of fluids by opening or closing a passageway

• Flowmeters measure the rate of flow of fluids in a system

HPLC, KF, and Dissolution are common techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis.

• HPLC stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography, used for separating, identifying, and quantifying components in a mixture.

• KF refers to Karl Fischer titration, a method for measuring water content in a sample.

• Dissolution testing is used to determine how quickly a drug dissolves in a solution, simulating its behavior in the body.

• All three techniques are essential in pharmaceutical quality co...read more

Exhibit batches are used for stability studies and regulatory submissions, while PPQ batches are used for process validation.

• Exhibit batches are manufactured for stability studies and regulatory submissions.

• PPQ (Process Performance Qualification) batches are manufactured for process validation.

• Exhibit batches are typically larger in size compared to PPQ batches.

• Exhibit batches are used to demonstrate the product's stability over time.

• PPQ batches are used to validate the manuf...read more

Thermosetting is a process in which a material undergoes a chemical change when heated, resulting in a permanent and irreversible solidification.

• Thermosetting involves the cross-linking of polymer chains through a chemical reaction.

• The process typically requires the application of heat and pressure.

• Once thermosetting occurs, the material cannot be melted or reshaped.

• Examples of thermosetting materials include epoxy resin, bakelite, and melamine.

COD, TDS, TDS, MLSS, MLVSS, ZLD, etc. are abbreviations used in various fields.

• COD stands for Chemical Oxygen Demand and is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic and inorganic matter in water.

• TDS stands for Total Dissolved Solids and refers to the total concentration of dissolved substances in water.

• TDS can include minerals, salts, metals, and other substances.

• MLSS stands for Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids and represents the concentration of suspended s...read more

ETP, MEE, RO, STP are principals related to wastewater treatment processes.

• ETP stands for Effluent Treatment Plant, which is used to treat industrial wastewater before it is discharged into the environment.

• MEE stands for Multiple Effect Evaporator, which is a thermal evaporation process used to concentrate wastewater by removing water through evaporation.

• RO stands for Reverse Osmosis, which is a water purification process that uses a partially permeable membrane to remove ion...read more

The answer to the question is 'WATER'.

• The letters ETP, MEE, RO, STP, ZLD, and EIA are all related to different water treatment processes.

• ETP stands for Effluent Treatment Plant, which is used to treat industrial wastewater.

• MEE stands for Multiple Effect Evaporator, which is used to concentrate liquid waste.

• RO stands for Reverse Osmosis, which is a water purification process.

• STP stands for Sewage Treatment Plant, which is used to treat domestic wastewater.

• ZLD stands for Zero L...read more

Switch is used to connect multiple devices in a network and direct data packets, while amplifier is used to increase the strength of a signal.

• Switch is a networking device that operates at the data link layer of the OSI model, while amplifier is an electronic device that increases the amplitude of a signal.

• Switches are used to create networks and connect multiple devices, while amplifiers are used to boost the strength of signals in audio or radio transmissions.

• Switches have ...read more

Diodes are electronic components that allow current to flow in one direction only.

• Diodes have two terminals - an anode and a cathode.

• When a diode is forward-biased, it allows current to flow through it.

• When a diode is reverse-biased, it blocks the flow of current.

• Diodes are commonly used in rectifiers, voltage regulators, and signal demodulation.

• Examples of diodes include silicon diodes, Schottky diodes, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.

• Compressors are commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

• They work by taking in low-pressure gas and compressing it to a higher pressure.

• This compression process reduces the volume of the gas, resulting in an increase in pressure.

• Compressors can be classified into positive displacement and dynamic types.

• Positive displacement compressors use pistons, scrolls, or r...read more

MCB stands for Miniature Circuit Breaker.

• MCB is an electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

• It automatically interrupts the flow of current when a fault is detected.

• MCBs are commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications.

• They are more compact and efficient compared to traditional fuses.

• Examples of MCB manufacturers include Schneider Electric, Siemens, and ABB.

Screw threads and pitch distance

• Screw threads are helical ridges on a cylindrical surface.

• Pitch distance is the distance between two adjacent threads.

• Threads can be classified as coarse or fine based on their pitch distance.

• The pitch distance is measured in millimeters or inches.

• The pitch distance determines the tightness of the fit between the screw and the nut.

• Threads can be external or internal depending on whether they are on the outside or inside of the screw.

• Examples of...read more

Transistors are semiconductor devices used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

• Transistors are fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices.

• They can amplify electrical signals, control the flow of current, and act as switches.

• Transistors have three terminals: emitter, base, and collector.

• Common types of transistors include bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs).

Pharmaceutical sales involves promoting and selling prescription drugs to healthcare professionals.

• Pharmaceutical sales representatives visit doctors, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals to promote their company's products.

• They provide information about the drugs' benefits, side effects, and dosages.

• They may also organize educational events and sponsor medical conferences.

• Pharmaceutical sales is a highly competitive field, with representatives often working on com...read more

A fuse is a safety device that protects electrical circuits from excessive current flow.

• A fuse is made up of a metal wire or strip that melts when excessive current passes through it.

• When the fuse melts, it breaks the circuit and prevents damage to the electrical components.

• Fuses are commonly used in electrical systems to protect against short circuits and overloads.

• Examples of fuses include glass tube fuses, blade fuses, and cartridge fuses.

EIA stands for Environmental Impact Assessment. Hazardous management refers to the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling hazards in order to prevent accidents and protect the environment.

• EIA is a process used to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project or development.

• It involves identifying and assessing the potential impacts on various aspects such as air, water, land, and biodiversity.

• EIA helps in decision-making by providing informati...read more

Cleaning validation is the process of ensuring that a cleaning procedure effectively removes residues from equipment used in the manufacturing process.

• Cleaning validation is essential in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, and cosmetics.

• It involves establishing documented evidence that the cleaning process consistently removes residues to predetermined levels.

• Validation typically includes developing a cleaning procedure, conducting cleaning trials, analyzin...read more

Film coating is a process in which a thin layer of coating material is applied to a solid dosage form to improve appearance, taste, and stability.

• Film coating helps protect the drug from moisture, light, and air

• It can also mask the taste of the drug to improve patient compliance

• Examples of film-coated tablets include Advil and Tylenol

Process Validation is the documented evidence that a process consistently produces a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes.

• Process Validation is a requirement in industries such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and food production.

• It involves establishing documented evidence that a process is capable of consistently producing a product that meets its specifications.

• Validation activities include process design, qualification, and ongoing m...read more

ETP STP MEE RO process is a series of wastewater treatment processes used to remove pollutants from industrial and domestic wastewater.

• ETP stands for Effluent Treatment Plant, which is used to treat industrial wastewater before it is discharged into the environment.

• STP stands for Sewage Treatment Plant, which is used to treat domestic wastewater before it is released into rivers or oceans.

• MEE stands for Multiple Effect Evaporation, which is a process used to concentrate waste...read more